Prevalence,
Abuse & Exploitation of Street Children In the first decade of the 21st Century gvnet.com/streetchildren/Nepal.htm
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CAUTION: The following links and
accompanying text have been culled from the web to illuminate the situation
in HOW TO USE THIS WEBPAGE Students If you are looking
for material to use in a term-paper, you are advised to scan the postings on
this page and others to see which aspect(s) of street life are of particular
interest to you. You might be
interested in exploring how children got there, how they survive, and how
some manage to leave the street.
Perhaps your paper could focus on how some street children abuse the
public and how they are abused by the public … and how they abuse each
other. Would you like to write about
market children? homeless children? Sexual and labor exploitation? begging? violence? addiction? hunger? neglect? etc. There is a lot to the subject of Street
Children. Scan other countries as well
as this one. Draw comparisons between
activity in adjacent countries and/or regions. Meanwhile, check out some of the Term-Paper resources
that are available on-line. Teachers Check out some of
the Resources
for Teachers attached to this website. ***
FEATURED ARTICLES *** Glue, a Cheap
Substitute for Intoxication Mani Man Singh Rajbhandari, OhmyNews, english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?article_class=3&no=381548&rel_no=1 [accessed 24 June
2011] Those who might
think these street kids are ignorant are wrong. They are actually inventors -
innovators of a cheap substitute for intoxication, which is easily available
in the market, sold in both drug stores and hardware stores. It is none other
than a sticky adhesive gluten substance commonly known as dendrite solution. If you happen to be
in a car in Kathmandu waiting for a red light, don’t be amazed to witness the
street children congregating around your car begging for money with a plastic
bag in hand. These bags, usually filled with gluten, might look like a
harmless, playful thing to us - but it is cheap and extremely harmful
substitute for getting high and intoxicated. Children remain
easy prey for exploitation, violence The Rising www.gorkhapatra.org.np/detail.php?article_id=4809&cat_id=4 [accessed 24 June
2011] The Abuse of Street
Children in Kathmandu CPCS - VOC, Nepal
2008 -- ISBN: 978-9937-2-0575-7 cpcs.international/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/the-abuse-of-street-children-in-kathmandu_en_2008.pdf [accessed 25
December 2016] Street children are
the most vulnerable lot. Sexual abuse is hidden but a widely prevalent
suffering among them. No child is safe and away from this cauldron of
suffering. Approximately 99 per cent
of them are physically and psychologically abused. Child sexual abuse may
include fondling a child’s genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact,
digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse. The other ways a child can be abused with
are direct physical contact, such as sex by exposures, voyeurism and child
pornography, use of obscene language, also referred to as non-contact abuse,
shows a research conducted jointly by CPSC NGO Nepal, CPCS INT Belgium and
VOC Nepal. Males are the
predominant perpetrators of sexual abuse against street children. On average,
there are three male abusers for every two female abusers. On an average, 40
per cent of sexually abusive episodes are perpetrated by street-living
children and adults as well as 40 per cent by non-street living adults. Non street-living adults include relatives,
shop, hotel or restaurant owners and workers or any Nepali adult not living
on the street. The street is clearly the chief location for all types of
sexual abuses, accounting for one in three incidents occurring. – sccp Agence France-Presse AFP, www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j1kZAEMKQnrw13dfl9Ec7dhsU-Xg [accessed 24 June
2011] www.crin.org/en/library/news-archive/nepal-police-torture-kids-fun-rights-group [accessed 25
December 2016] The New York-based
Human Rights Watch said it had received more than 200 reports this year of
the torture in police custody of street
children or minors suspected of crimes.
"Sometimes, the torture is inflicted to extract confessions from
the children," said Human Rights Watch researcher Bede Sheppard. "At other times it appears to be
carried out purely for the entertainment of the official," Sheppard
said. The youngest alleged victim of
police torture was a 13-year-old, and methods of torture reported on the minors
included kicking, punching, forcing metal nails under toenails and beatings
with plastic pipes, the rights group said. ***
ARCHIVES *** ECPAT Global
Monitoring Report on the status of action against commercial exploitation of
children - NEPAL [PDF] ECPAT International,
2006 www.ecpat.net/A4A_2005/PDF/South_Asia/Global_Monitoring_Report-NEPAL.pdf [accessed 24 June
2011] www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/A4A_V2_SA_NEPAL.pdf [accessed 25
December 2016] A study on child
sex tourism (CST) in Nepal (Kathmandu and Pokhara)
in 2003, showed that there were many incidences of foreign tourists/paedophiles exploiting children (particularly street
children and children from slum areas), who were lured by the promise of
money and gifts from tourists. Abuse took place in hotel rooms, restaurants,
secluded places and while trekking, etc. The study did not find any organised form of sex tourism existing in Nepal at that
time. The exact number of abuses was difficult to measure as most of the
contacts were made at individual level and therefore difficult to trace.
There were also numerous cases reported in the local newspapers of foreign
tourists keeping young boys and girls in their rented homes for long periods
of time where they were exploited sexually in exchange for shelter, food,
clothing and money. The Department of Labor’s 2004 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2004/nepal.htm [accessed 23
February 2011] INCIDENCE
AND NATURE OF CHILD LABOR - There is anecdotal evidence that unaccompanied
children are fleeing areas of civil unrest and migrating to urban areas
because of economic hardship and to avoid recruitment by Maoist
insurgents. There is concern among government officials and NGOs that
these children are much more vulnerable to labor or sexual exploitation, or
living on the streets. Human Rights
Reports » 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61709.htm [accessed 10
February 2020] CHILDREN
-
Internal displacement due to the conflict, including of children, continued
to be a problem, with estimates of the number displaced ranging widely. The
International Labor Organization estimated that 10 to 15 thousand children
were displaced during the year. As IDPs, children faced inadequate access to
food, shelter, and health care, and had limited access to education. Concluding
Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child, 3 June 2005 www1.umn.edu/humanrts/crc/nepal2005.html [accessed 23
February 2011] [61] The Committee
also notes with concern that little has been done to address the particular
health vulnerabilities and needs of children at risk, including street
children, child laborers, child sex workers and Dalit children. [85] In view of the
increasing number of children living and working on the street and the State
party’s recognition that they are among the major victims of abuse, neglect
and exploitation, the Committee regrets the paucity of information about
specific programs and measures to address their situation. [95] The Committee
notes with grave concern that certain groups of children are at a
particularly higher risk of being sold and trafficked, including girls,
internally displaced children, street children, orphans, children from rural
areas, refugee children and children belonging to more vulnerable castes. Street children
with mental illness left in the lurch Arjun Poudel, Republica Social
affairs, November 13, 2010 www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=25155 [accessed 13
November 2010] groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/nepalmentalhealth/l_xDQ1qsMJc [accessed 25
December 2016] Street children
with overt mental disorders often go totally unattended in the country as
orphanages in the country are reluctant to admit them. Worse still,
orphanages do not admit children with mental health problems. “They only
admit healthy and small children,” Sub-inspector Shankar Shrestha, who is
also a staffer at the center, said, adding, “They do not admit children above
the age of twelve.” He said that the police have no choice but to leave such
children back on the streets if their relatives do not come looking for them. These Grim Images
& Sounds Arpan Shrestha, Republica, archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=2757 [accessed 24 June
2011] archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=6212 [accessed 25
December 2016] As the night
deepens, the wind temperature drops significantly and the children abandon
their ‘police-demonstrator’ game. They huddle together, every so often
kicking each other in the butt and smiling. “We have to sleep outside
tonight,” says one observing the thick vapor in their breath. “Look, the vapor I exhale is the longest,”
says another in a reaffirming stance as the children crisscross their vapor
and stroll towards the temple opposite Basantapur
Durbar. All four climb the stairs to the temple. On reaching the top, one begins to sing as
others collect scattered paper boards to sleep on. The hurt one then gets a
little plastic out of his worn pants and begins to inhale from it. Two others
stretch out and follow suit. One of them blurts out (to the singing boy),
“Shut up, will you?” Soon, the four
snuggle up to each other and sleep, or perhaps surrender to the
hallucinations from the glue they’ve been sniffing. Two stray dogs appear,
sniff around and settle next to the children and together they all call it a
day. 95 pc street
children sniff glue Kantipur.com, solventabuse.blogspot.com/2009/01/95-of-kathmandu-street-children-sniff.html [accessed 24 June
2011] With the onset of
winter, it is usual for people to buy warm clothes and heaters to warm up
their rooms and snuggle up in the quilt till late morning. However, looking at skimpily dressed
street children, you may wonder how they survive the freezing cold of
Kathmandu. But they have their own way of keeping warm: they sniff dendrite. Bibek Moktan, 12, who hails from Hetauda,
warms up his winter morning by blowing into and inhaling from a plastic bag
containing dendrite. "I sniff
one tube (50 grams) of dendrite a day," said Moktan.
"When I first tried sniffing, I felt a current flowing inside me, but
slowly I got used to it." Kale Pariyar, 15, from Kalimati, was
also sniffing from a dirty plastic with glue inside it. "I sniff,
because I want to enjoy as others do,"said Pariyar. Bibek and Kale are not the only ones who sniff glue to
keep warm and to be happy. There are hundreds of children on the streets of
the capital addicted to glue despite various health hazards associated with
it. According to a
research conducted by Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre (CWIN), glue
sniffing affects various organs including the brain, nervous system, eyes,
blood, lungs and heart and even causes death. Dream big, Mrs Ban tells street children hamropalo.com/dream-bigmrs-ban-tells-street-children/ [accessed 11
Aug 2013] She asked officials
at the drop-in centre about the children's education and observed the
facilities available there. While some come for classes during the day and
spend the rest of their time in the streets, others, who were sexually
abused, live at the centre. Paritra Tamrakar, programme officer at
the centre, informed the visiting dignitary that sexual exploitation of
street children was rampant in the capital. She said that over 80 percent of
street boys have been sexually abused, and there was difficulty in taking
action against the guilty due to lack of implementation of the law. Nepalese football
academy rescues street children Mail & Guardian
Online, May 31 2008 mg.co.za/article/2008-05-31-nepalese-football-academy-rescues-street-children [accessed 24 June
2011] Three years ago, Mahendra BK was a 12-year-old boy living on the street in
Pokhara, a middle-sized Nepalese town with a
population of about 200Â 000. His mother died when he was still an infant and
his alcoholic father died of tuberculosis when Mahendra
was only eight. Mahendra
lived in extreme poverty with his sister and grandmother for about a year. At
the age of nine, he left them and ended up in Kathmandu, the capital, where
he was living a high-risk life on the street, collecting garbage and selling
it for petty cash to recycling factories. "When I was
living on the street, I was sleeping under empty rice sacks in many different
places. The police used to come around and chase me away. Mushrooming
orphanages Wilko Verbakel And Susan Van Klaveren,
Nepali Times, Issue #387 (15 Feb 2008 - 21 Feb 2008) -- Wilko Verbakel and Susan van Klaveren
are board members of a Dutch NGO, the International Council for Friends Of
Nepal ICFON [accessed 11
Aug 2013] Setting up an
orphanage is a popular activity in Only a small
portion of these children are really orphans. A USAID study among 350
'orphanages' in Nepal showed that only 20 percent of the 8,821 children
surveyed had no parents while over 50 percent still had both parents. Many
apparent orphans live on the street because their parents cannot afford to
feed them properly, but NGOs should question if these homes really contribute
to reducing poverty. NEPAL: Street
children sniff glue to beat hunger pangs UN Integrated Regional
Information Networks IRIN, www.irinnews.org/report/74899/nepal-street-children-sniff-glue-to-beat-hunger-pangs [accessed 10 March
10, 2015 The decade-long
armed conflict between the Nepali government and Maoist rebels that ended
last year also contributed to the rise in numbers, say activists. But despite
the signing of the peace treaty in November 2006, many children continue to
live on the streets, homeless, food-insecure and suffering from serious
health problems, according to CWIN. CWIN found that
almost all street children were addicted to glue sniffing because of hunger
and the influence of friends. About 95 percent of street children were using
glue, and it would not take much to introduce the habit to the remaining 5
percent, it said. It found that some
children used as many as 15 tubes a day (one tube of dendrite can be used
four to five times) and many used it as a substitute for regular meals. The cheapest of all dendrites is
Nepal-made, besides the imports from India and China. It is available in all
hardware shops and costs less than 40 US cents per 25mg tube. A Different View
Concerning CA Polls Eliza Rana, The
Rising At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 24 June
2011] There are about 12
million under-18 years of age who are regarded as
children, having no right to cast their ballots in the upcoming CA polls. Due
to growing awareness, many children are aware about the condition of
political upheaval, human rights, social justice and democratic process of
the country. Many of them have participated in the people’s movement in one
or the other. Street children were the ones who actively participated in many
of the political protest programmes. Many of them
were injured but none of the organization, government or political parties
came forward to acknowledge their contribution, let alone taking care of
them. Feeling Of Guilt The Rising streetchildrennews.wordpress.com/2007/08/24/feeling-of-guilt/ [accessed 24 June
2011] On the matter, it
is rather unfortunate that the number of street children in the cities is
increasing especially in the Heckling the people
is their common behaviour. Can't fight back but
listen to them. One has the tendency to get humiliated but there's no way out
but go through the experience. The street children are not to be blamed as
they are living a live deprivation and sees in you a person who has enough of
everything. One just can't face many of such children with supposedly empty
milk pouches. Probably they are sniffing glue. Well, it's a percentage of a
generation that is going to waste. That brings in us a feeling of guilt. Karen Choy,
TelegraphNepal.com, 20 August 2007 www.telegraphnepal.com/opinion/2007-08-20/nepal-street-life:-adventure-abuse-addiction:-karen-choy [accessed 24 June
2011] Happy days.
Countless hours spent sniffing dendrite, smoking cigarettes, drinking "chyang", watching movies, playing cards, marbles,
and video games. This is the life of a street child in Kathmandu. No
responsibilities and fun with friends. According to one
child, "I don't want to go home because I earn money here. I earn 100 to
150 rupees per day by rag picking. I eat meat and rice and with the rest of
the money, I buy dendrite and drink alcohol. I'm the leader of my
group." Comments such as
this reinforce the public perception of unruly, uncontrollable, and unreformable children. Many children do not regret their
decision to live on the street. One child explains, "I like to stay on
the street. Everyone loves me here." Street kids,
domestic hands seek voting rights The Rising streetchildrennews.wordpress.com/2007/08/18/street-kids-domestic-hands-seek-voting-rights/ [accessed 24 June
2011] Media persons and
those working for the child rights said that many street children were more
aware about politics than other children.
They said that more than 50 per cent street children participated in
the people's movement in one way or the other. In many protest programmes these children were the ones who were at the
front, they said. More than 50 per cent of the street children were also
injured but nobody has cared for them or has acknowledged their contribution. Glue is sticking
with Karen Choy,
TelegraphNepal.com, July 27, 2007 streetchildrennews.wordpress.com/2007/07/27/glue-is-sticking-with-kathmandu-kids/ [accessed 24 June
2011] WHAT IS BEING DONE? - Child welfare
organization SAATHI is currently conducting exploratory research on the needs
of dendrite addicted street children. SAATHI is gathering data from Kathmandu
street children in order to develop effective long term interventions for
addicted children. CWIN has completed research on glue sniffing in the past
and currently engages in anti-drug campaigns targeting addicted street
children. "Most crucial is a rehabilitation center. Many of the street
children are aware of the harmful effects. There nees
to be long term support and strong government policies to address this
issue," said Suvekycha Rana, Child Program
Coordinator of SAATHI. Currently, there are no long term drug rehabilitation
facilities for children in Kathmandu. Such services are only available to
youth and adults. Furthermore, both CWIN and SAATHI emphasize the need for a
comprehensive, long term approach to addiction among street children. Support
services, long term rehabilitation centers for children, public awareness,
and strong government policies combating glue sniffing are key elements in a
comprehensive approach. Simply criminalizing inhalant abuse and penalizing
dendrite distributors will only drive glue sniffing underground. In this
situation, the more vulnerable street children would be subject to further
exploitation. BBC News, 28 May
2007 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6624907.stm [accessed 24 June
2011] KHEMRAJ PURI - Most of the time
we used to collect plastic garbage in order to sell it. But the money we
would get for a whole day's work was not enough for one breakfast. So we used
to steal fruit and vegetables from the shops.
We were not allowed to sleep in front of the people's houses. So we
used to sleep, when there were no policemen, in the corner of the road cuddling
with the dogs to keep warm. GOPAL GURUNG - I slept on the
side of the road, in the park and in front of the shopping centres. Early in the morning I would get a hard kick in
my back to chase me away. I saw kids
going to school. I was very jealous as I also wanted to study. I was seven
years old and I had not known what education was. I wanted to study and
become a good human being. Former street child
helps fight destitution Jennie Murray, Gulf
News, December 16, 2006 gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/former-street-child-helps-fight-destitution-1.270821 [accessed 24 June
2011] When Saran Silwal was a young child begging for food and rummaging
through garbage on the streets of Kathmandu, he could never have imagined he would
end up working for a five-star hotel in "The worst
part was the hunger. I would see somebody eating something mouth-watering in
a restaurant. I just wanted to kill my hunger," he said. Many street youngsters in the capital of
Nepal, to cope with the hunger and the cold nights of sleeping in rags, fall
into the abyss of glue-sniffing. Street
kids to join Dashain celebrations Lekhnath Pant, streetchildrennews.wordpress.com/2006/09/29/street-kids-to-join-dashain-celebrations/ [accessed 25
December 2016] Kathmandu
Metropolitan City (KMC) has stopped dealing with the problems faced by street
children, according to Raju Shrestha, the program manager of Domestic Child
Worker at KMC. In the past, the unit was looking after the problem under an
International Labor Organization project. The project is over now. Street Kids Getting High With Adhesives Mudita Bajracharya,
The Himalayan Times, At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 24 June
2011] "Almost 95 per
cent of the children below 14 years and living on the streets are addicted to
adhesives. They have plastic bags with glues in them all the time," he
added. Where Do Child
Laborers Go? Rupesh Silwal,
OhmyNews, 12 June 2006 english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?article_class=3&no=298011&rel_no=1 [accessed 24 June
2011] Various NGOs in Street Children in Rupa Kharel,
OhmyNews, 16 May 2006 english.ohmynews.com/ArticleView/article_view.asp?menu=A11100&no=292067&rel_no=1&back_url= [accessed 24 June
2011] It is well documented
that street-based children share an environment and practices that make them
vulnerable to HIV infection. Furthermore, two independent tests conducted by
an NGO in Kathmandu in 2002 identified the existence of HIV infection among
this sub-population. In these tests, 25 out of 80 (31 percent) street
children were HIV positive, and 16 out of 32 (50 percent)
"high-risk" street children were HIV positive. Street Kids
Lukewarm to Idea of Taking to Streets Mudita Bajracharya,
The Himalayan Times, Lalitpur, April 16, 2006 nepalnow.blogspot.com/2006/04/trial-by-fire.html#c114517706906878460 [accessed 24 June
2011] Although some
children are being seen during protest programmes
in the capital, the involvement of street children in the ongoing
demonstrations and clashes is minimal. The street children
make their livelihood from rag picking, so they are seen in the localities
mostly after the protest scenes are over to collect scarps, said Suchita Shah, programme manager
of Sath Sath. Amrit Pariyar and his friends
have been moving to the places after the riots are over to collect wires from
the remains of burnt tyres and aluminum of used
tear gas shells. The Pathetic
Reality of Street Children in Bhuwan Thapaliya,
OhmyNews, 07 October 2005 english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=250961&rel_no=1 [accessed 24 June
2011] Over the past few
decades, the standard of living of many urban Nepalese has risen beyond
measure, even in the midst of political turmoil. But ironically, at the same
time many poor children are struggling for survival out in the streets,
sleeping on makeshift cardboard mattresses in main cities like SKiD Project - The SKiD 2005-2006 [accessed 24 June
2011] Ø Online Reports about Street Kids in Ø Selected Links
about Street Kids in Ø NGO working with
Street Kids in Status of Street
Children in www.scribd.com/doc/36174800/Street-Children [accessed 24 June
2011] According to ILO's
rapid assessment on rag-picking children, there are about 4,000 children
working in this sector, which is considered one of the worst forms of child
labor. Among the rag pickers, 88% are boys and 12% girls. In average, rag pickers work 6 hours a day
and earn NRs. 87 per day. They
concentrate in the areas like junkyards, temples, market centers, cinema halls,
airports, bus terminals, hardware shops, tourist centers, etc. while they do
their work. While on the street they
face problems of hunger, shelter, clothes, etc. Similarly, face problems from police,
"dada" (bullies), gang etc.
With all these problems and tensions, they lead their complex life. Street Children,
Big Problem in Xinhua News Agency,
26 February 2002 news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-02/26/content_291031.htm [accessed 24 June
2011] Most of the
children living in the streets right now left their homes at the age of eight
because of various problems that happened in their families. These problems were mainly caused by
stepmothers, family conflicts, poverty, lack of awareness, and
orphanages. Some children left in
search of better opportunities in the big cities. Most of those children living in the
streets depend on begging from others, working as porters and construction
workers in the construction sites inside of the cities and their neighboring
villages. Information about
Street Children - Based on a paper
prepared by Concern for Children and Environment CONCERN www.crin.org/docs/CSF%20Colombo%20report.pdf [accessed 25 June
2011] [page 9] CONSTRAINTS AND
CHALLENGES
- Dangerous and unhealthy living environments and the resulting untreated
illnesses and frequent injuries that entail. Lack of adequate emotional
support, food, shelter and safe places to sleep and store belongings, leading
to inability of street children to save money. Dependency of newcomers to the
street on more ‘experienced’ street children. Involvement of street children
in criminal activities. Child Labour Is
Cruel Alright, But Who Is To Take Care Of The Freed Children? Tashi Dolma Thinley, streetchildrennews.wordpress.com/page/132/?app-download=ios [accessed 25 June
2011] ‘I left home
thinking that the carpet factory would hire me, but they told me the
authorities did not want people of my age to work. It might be a good thing done by the
government, but where does it leave people like me?’ asks a desperate Shivam. Indeed,
where did that leave him? On the Bank accounts for Manisha Aryal, BBC News,
in news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1410433.stm [accessed 25 June
2011] About 600 children
live and work in the streets of A Life Without
Basic Service - Street Children Say acr.hrschool.org/mainfile.php/0166/276/ [accessed 25 June
2011] In not recognizing
the opportunities as well as the problems of street life, organizations have
been unsuccessful in providing viable alternatives. The way we perceive
street children dictates our response to them. The aim of this study has been to gain an
understanding of street children's perspectives of their own situation to
encourage more appropriate and effective interventions. Street children are
a part of modern Nepalese society Maria Seppälä, Universitas Helsingiensis, February 2001 www.helsinki.fi/lehdet/uh/201m.htm [accessed 25 June
2011] CWIN, originally
part of a students' democracy movement, aims at raising people's awareness of
childhood as something special and, most particularly, of the appalling
conditions of street children in Alcohol and Drug
Use among Street Children in Child Workers in www.add-resources.org/alcohol-and-drug-use-among-street-children-in-nepal.444184-80613.html [accessed 25 June
2011] Sumnima Tuladhar of CWIN presented the results of a study on
alcohol and drug use among street children in six urban centers in The current
prevalence rate of drugs is 20.6% and the overall prevalence of alcohol use among
children aged 10-17 is 17.4% for current use, with 21.8% for boys and 11.2%
for girls. Exposure of drugs use largely depends on the company of children.
The socio-psychological circumstance is much more favorable for drug use for
children. More and more street children are exposed to intravenous drug use.
Among them about 10% are believed to be exposed to HIV infection. Glue Sniffing among
Street Children in the Abinash Rai, Keshab Prashad Ghimire, Pooja Shrestha, & Sumnima
Tuladhar, Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre
CWIN, 2002 [accessed 25 June
2011] More than 80%
street children are addicted to glue sniffing, which is the current trend
among street children. The issue of drug use and HIV among street children is
utterly neglected by the organizations working on the issues of HIV and drug
abuse. NGO Initiatives
Addressing Glue-Sniffing Among Street Children In acr.hrschool.org/mainfile.php/0105/29/ [accessed 25 June 2011] Glue sniffing which
is a largely urban phenomenon among street children in All
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