Torture in [Thailand] [other countries]Human Trafficking in [Thailand Street Children in [Thailand] [other countries]Child Prostitution in [Thailand] [other countries] |
Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery In the early
years of the 21st Century gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Thailand.htm
Thailand is a source, transit, and
destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes
of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Thailand’s relative prosperity
attracts migrants from neighboring countries and from as far away as Russia
and Fiji who flee conditions of poverty and, in the case of Burma, military
repression. Significant illegal migration to Thailand presents traffickers
with opportunities to force, coerce, or defraud undocumented migrants into
involuntary servitude or sexual exploitation. Following migration to
Thailand, men, women, and children, primarily from Burma, are trafficked for
forced labor in fishing-related industries, factories, agriculture,
construction, domestic work, and begging. Women and children are trafficked
from Burma, Cambodia, Laos, the People’s Republic of China, Vietnam, Russia,
and Uzbekistan for commercial sexual exploitation in Thailand. Ethnic
minorities such as northern hill tribe peoples, many of whom do not have
legal status in the country, are at a disproportionately high risk for
trafficking internally and abroad. - |
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CAUTION: The following
links have been culled from the web to illuminate the situation in ***
FEATURED ARTICLES *** Thai Government and International
Organizations Pledge Cooperation to Provide Assistance to Victims humantrafficking.org, News & Updates, 04 June 2007 --
Adapted from: "Trading in People: To ensure adults and children
trafficked in www.humantrafficking.org/updates/653 [accessed 29 December 2010] When she finally managed
to escape, she rushed to a policeman for help. But worse was to come. The
woman was deported and was left to find her way home from the Thai border.
Walking through the jungle, she was repeatedly raped by groups of Karen
guerrillas. Traumatised and lost, she was
eventually rescued by a stranger who took her to a refugee camp in Mae Hong
Son, from where she was sent to Suan Prung Mental Hospital in Chiang Mai when camp staff realised she had lost her mind. While poor women
from neighbouring countries enter The misery of male slavery - Trafficking of
Men in Thailand humantrafficking.org, News & Updates,
17 May 2007 -- Adapted from: "The misery of male slavery." The
Nation. 14 May 2007 www.humantrafficking.org/updates/636 [accessed 29 December 2010] The fight against
human trafficking has for more than a decade tried to protect women and
children, often forgetting that men, too, are victims of "new
slavery". The commission
reports that between July 17 and July 19 of 2003, six fishing trawlers with
about 100 crew sailed from Tha Chalom
in Samut Sakhon province
to fish Indonesian territorial waters. Most of the crew were migrant workers
and four were younger than 16. None were allowed home leave for three years.
The trawlers returned to Thirty-eight never
returned, dying on the job. Two were buried on one of 50 Year Old Anti-Slavery Law Used in humantrafficking.org, News & Updates,
17 May 2007 -- Adapted from: "Of human bondage: After 50 years, the
anti-slavery law is finally being enforced." www.humantrafficking.org/updates/633 [accessed 29 December 2010] Chand was forced to
work from 4am to midnight every day, serving 50-year-old Wipaporn
Songmeesap and her family of six. Instructed never
to leave the house or contact her parents, fear-stricken Chand was only
allowed to eat once or twice a day, unless her boss was angry with her, in
which case she went hungry. When unhappy with her work, Wipaporn would violently beat her with an iron rod or a
belt with a metal buckle, said Chand. She was never sent to the doctor, and
repeated beatings kept opening old wounds, leading to a severe infection. The legal efforts
to take Chand's employer to court for the crime of slavery began two years
ago. In a landmark verdict last month, the Criminal Court sentenced Wipaporn to more than 10 years in jail for abusing Chand
as a slave. The mother of four was also ordered to pay Chand 200,000 baht in
compensation. Despite an appeal by the defendant, history was made. The
country's 51-year-old anti-slavery law had been enforced for the first time,
paving the way for future cases to tackle human trafficking and slavery. ***
ARCHIVES *** The Department of Labor’s 2004 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2004/thailand.htm [accessed 29 December 2010] INCIDENCE
AND NATURE OF CHILD LABOR - Human Rights
Reports » 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy,
Human Rights, and Labor, March 8, 2006 www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61628.htm [accessed 29 December 2010] TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS
– Some portion (thought by the UN, NGOs, and the government to be a minority)
of the estimated 200 thousand to 300 thousand sex industry workers in the
country were either underage or in involuntary servitude or debt bondage.
Women and children (particularly girls) tended to be the most frequent
trafficking victims. Anecdotal evidence suggested that the trafficking of
men, women, and children into such fields as commercial fisheries or
sweatshop work was significant. Young migrant women and girls, particularly
from Within the country
women were trafficked from the impoverished Northeast and the North to Women and men were
trafficked from Entire families
occasionally were trafficked for labor in sweatshops. Underage boys
reportedly were brought into the country for specialized work in which small
size was an advantage. According to domestic NGOs, girls between the ages of
12 and 18 continued to be trafficked from Concluding Observations of the Committee on
the Rights of the Child (CRC) UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 9
October 1998 www1.umn.edu/humanrts/crc/thailand1998.html [accessed 29 December 2010] [30] The Committee
expresses concern at the continuing high rate of sexual abuse of children,
including child prostitution and trafficking and sale of children, which
affects both girls and boys. Illegal Immigrant–Beggars Found To Be Human
Trafficking Victims Pattaya Daily News, 26 May
2009 [accessed 28 August 2011] After the
investigation and related research concerning the gang of Cambodians from The child beggars,
when questioned, said they were brought out of a house in the Banglamung area at around 7.00 pm and were forced to beg
for money until dawn. They had to make between 500-1000 baht per night. If
they could not make it, they would be punished by being hit with sticks or
denied food. Thai woman jailed for 14 years for human
trafficking Agence France-Presse AFP, afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iRp8IPv63scLHe0sy2vQM1BVNV6A [accessed 29 December 2010] [name
withheld]
from Greater Public-Private Collaboration
Required to Combat Human Trafficking www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-09-2008/0004829060&EDATE= [accessed 29 December 2010] Vital Voices is
pleased to see the report's coverage of the dire situation confronting
stateless people in northern Stateless And Vulnerable To Human
Trafficking In Vital Voices Global Partnership, June 2007 At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 12 September 2011] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
- Despite the international prohibition and Thailand's legal commitment to
eliminate trafficking within and across its borders, the country remains a
favored source, transit and destination country.37 In part, trafficking
continues to thrive because its root causes have not been addressed.
According to "studies by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization . . . lack of proof of
citizenship is the single greatest risk factor for a hill tribe girl
or woman to be trafficked or otherwise exploited."38 The challenge of
obtaining citizenship, especially for those in the northern hill tribes,
directly impacts an individual's ability to access state services and opportunities.
Without access to state services like education and healthcare, the stateless
people become more vulnerable to trafficking, the black-market and
exploitation. Education may prevent human trafficking Casey Northcutt, The At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here [accessed 28 August 2011] Hundreds of
thousands of men and women in northern New law on trafficking Pennapa Hongthong,
The Nation, October 1, 2007 nationmultimedia.com/2007/10/01/national/national_30050827.php [accessed 29 December 2010] Eaklak said regional bus terminals
were places where crime syndicates trafficked Thai
men into the fishing industry. He said many men and male teenagers had been
drugged unconscious while waiting for buses at terminals - then woke up to
find themselves on a fishing boat in the middle of an ocean. "They have no way to escape, and must
work in a boat until the time it goes ashore." Eaklak said that over the
past four years his centre had helped rescue 19 men trafficked to work on
fishing boats. He believed the number
of men trafficked to work on fishing boats must be in the thousands. That
estimate, he said, was based on the number of fishing boats operating beyond
Thai waters - more than 1,000 - and the fact each has about 30-40 workers. Eaklak said trafficking
within Authorities Rescue Abused Foreign Youth
Workers From Chonburi Hell Factory Pattaya Daily News, 13 July
2007 [accessed 28 August 2011] At the factory, the
police team found over 20 foreign children, aged between 12 and 17, working
under intolerable conditions as vegetable oil fillers, and effectively
imprisoned on the premises. Apparently, the Women Foundation had previously
helped four young Lao children, aged between 12 and 15, that had successfully
escaped from the factory, who had reported that they were forced to work long
hours and were abused. Fifteen Year Old Girl Forced into Slavery Pattaya Daily News, 19 May
2007 teakdoor.com/thailand-and-asia-news/13881-pattaya-15-year-old-girl-forced.html [accessed 29 December 2010] Miss Leena reported that a Khmer man told her that if she came
to Pattaya to be a salesgirl, she could earn an
income at least 10,000 baht Soi a month. However,
she had pay a 2,500 baht fee for entering the
country. If she did not have the money, she could come to work first and the
fee would be deducted from her income. She believed the man and followed him
to After ten days,
Miss Leena realized that she was cheated because
she never received any money. She had only three meals a day if she met her
quota of 1,000 baht. If she did not earn at least 1,000 baht per day, she was
scolded, beaten up and not given food. She could not stand the situation. So,
she managed to escape and seek help. Human-Trafficking Of Children In Pattaya Daily News, 29
March 2007 www.oldpdn.com/shownews.php?IDNEWS=0000002625 [Last accessed 29 December 2010] On a monthly basis,
a small number of children vanish. These children, according to Thongsuk, are forced into working as beggars, labourers and prostitutes in Some of the schemes
that the immigrants perpetrate are: selling their children, luring some away
and stealing others, even hiring out babies for 20 Baht daily to be used as
fronts for begging. Human trafficking helps spread HIV/AIDS in
Asia: UN Ranga Sirilal,
Reuters, www.reuters.com/article/idUSL22325220070822 [accessed 29 December 2010] "Trafficking
... contributes to the spread of HIV by significantly increasing the
vulnerability of trafficked persons to infection," said Caitlin Wiesen-Antin, HIV/AIDS regional coordinator, Major human
trafficking routes run between More action urged against slave labour bkkintra.iom-seasia.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1800&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 [access date unavailable] Labour advocates
are demanding more action to safeguard job seekers against being lured into
virtual slavery on fishing trawlers. Ekkaluck Lumchumkhae, chief of the Mirror Foundation's missing persons information centre, said human trafficking gangs
were still active in the country because the responsible agencies were not
doing what they should do. Since the centre's establishment four years ago, around 800 people
have been reported missing in the country, of which 19 were believed to have
been deceived into working on sea-going trawlers, Mr
Ekkaluck said. A labour agent
earns 3,000-5,000 baht per head from unscrupulous fishing trawler operators
if they mange to lure a young male to work on board a vessel, he said. Thai Government and International
Organizations Pledge Cooperation to Provide Assistance to Victims humantrafficking.org, News & Updates,
04 June 2007 -- Adapted from: "Trading in People: To ensure adults and
children trafficked in www.humantrafficking.org/updates/653 [accessed 29 December 2010] When she finally
managed to escape, she rushed to a policeman for help. But worse was to come.
The woman was deported and was left to find her way home from the Thai
border. Walking through the jungle, she was repeatedly raped by groups of
Karen guerrillas. Traumatised and lost, she was
eventually rescued by a stranger who took her to a refugee camp in Mae Hong
Son, from where she was sent to Suan Prung Mental Hospital in Chiang Mai when camp staff realised she had lost her mind. While poor women
from neighbouring countries enter The misery of male slavery - Trafficking of
Men in Thailand humantrafficking.org, News & Updates,
17 May 2007 -- Adapted from: "The misery of male slavery." The
Nation. 14 May 2007 www.humantrafficking.org/updates/636 [accessed 29 December 2010] The fight against
human trafficking has for more than a decade tried to protect women and
children, often forgetting that men, too, are victims of "new
slavery". The commission reports
that between July 17 and July 19 of 2003, six fishing trawlers with about 100
crew sailed from Tha Chalom
in Samut Sakhon province
to fish Indonesian territorial waters. Most of the crew were migrant workers
and four were younger than 16. None were allowed home leave for three years.
The trawlers returned to Thirty-eight never
returned, dying on the job. Two were buried on one of 50 Year Old Anti-Slavery Law Used in humantrafficking.org, News & Updates,
17 May 2007 -- Adapted from: "Of human bondage: After 50 years, the
anti-slavery law is finally being enforced." www.humantrafficking.org/updates/633 [accessed 29 December 2010] Chand was forced to
work from 4am to midnight every day, serving 50-year-old Wipaporn
Songmeesap and her family of six. Instructed never
to leave the house or contact her parents, fear-stricken Chand was only
allowed to eat once or twice a day, unless her boss was angry with her, in
which case she went hungry. When
unhappy with her work, Wipaporn would violently
beat her with an iron rod or a belt with a metal buckle, said Chand. She was
never sent to the doctor, and repeated beatings kept opening old wounds,
leading to a severe infection. The legal efforts
to take Chand's employer to court for the crime of slavery began two years
ago. In a landmark verdict last month, the Criminal Court sentenced Wipaporn to more than 10 years in jail for abusing Chand
as a slave. The mother of four was also ordered to pay Chand 200,000 baht in
compensation. Despite an appeal by the defendant, history was made. The
country's 51-year-old anti-slavery law had been enforced for the first time,
paving the way for future cases to tackle human trafficking and slavery Ethnic Hill-Tribe Children Learn about the
Dangers of Trafficking humantrafficking.org, 17 May 2007 --
Adapted from: "Course to save hilltribe girls
from flesh trade" Bangkok Post. 8 May 2007 www.humantrafficking.org/updates/634 [accessed 29 December 2010] Chiang Rai governor Amorphan Nimanant said his province has become a major transit
point for human trafficking because of its location as it borders Children in danger - Human trafficking suspected as youngsters go missing in Tak's Mae Sot district Anan Paengnoy,
The Nation, March 26, 2007 At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 12 September 2011] Every month, a few
children go missing from the Muslim Community in Mae Sot district in what
clearly are cases of human-trafficking.
According to local community leaders, these children are sent to Human Trafficking Racket Being Operated in Pattaya Daily News, 22
March 2007 www.oldpdn.com/shownews.php?IDNEWS=0000002594 [Last accessed 29 December 2010] Recently, two young
men from Buriram were kidnapped by a trafficking
gang on their first day of arrival in Phuket investors implicated in human
trafficking bust The Nation, Mae Hong Son, 3 February 2007 www.phuketgazette.net/news/detail.asp?id=5483 [accessed 29 December 2010] Twenty long-neck Karen women (Paduang)
arrested while crossing the Thai-Burmese border on Wednesday night allegedly
were to be sold to a group of Phuket investors for 10 million baht, police
said on Thursday. Lin Lin childexploitation.org At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 12 September 2011] "Lin Lin" was thirteen years old when she was recruited
by an agent for work in Narathiwat raided Karaokes: 34 human trafficking victims rescued Thais News At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 12 September 2011] The provincial
police and other provincial officials had raided and arrested two local
karaoke operators. 34 women and children were rescued. Among them included
three Vietnamese people, two Cambodians, 20 Thai Yai
residents, three Laotians, and six Thais. There was one fifteen-year-old and
the rest aged between 17 and 20. More co-operation needed in war on human
trafficking At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 12 September 2011] Reviewing the human
trafficking trend in the region, While in the past
women and children have been reported as trafficked victims, Thatun said that boys and men have also been identified
as victims as well into the sex trade, heavy labour, begging, marriage, and
the fishing industry. humantrafficking.org, August 2006 --
Adapted from: ‘Slamming the brakes on human trafficking.’ Asahi Shimbun. 9 June 2006 www.humantrafficking.org/updates/392 [accessed 29 December 2010] Xinhua News Agency, news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-05/07/content_4517342.htm [accessed 29 December 2010] Since the signing
of the historic COMMIT Memorandum of Understanding in Yangon, Myanmar in
October 2004, by Ministers of the six countries, the Governments have been
active in laying the foundation for a network of cooperation to stop
traffickers and prosecute them, protect victims of trafficking and assist
them return safely home, and launch efforts to prevent others from sharing
the same fate. Police rescue 47 Laotian women forced into
prostitution in Thai karaoke bars [DOC] Associated Press AP, [accessed 29 December 2010] Thai police on
Wednesday raided two karaoke bars in a province near The women rescued
from the bars in Chachoengsao province, 30
kilometers (19 miles) east of the capital, included eight girls under age 18,
said police Col. Kraibun Songsuat.
He said the bars' operators had kept the doors to the bars locked to keep the
women from escaping. Thai woman admits selling girl into sex
trade The www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20050705a2.html [accessed 3 May 2012] A Thai woman in Khmer girls' trafficking ordeal Kylie Morris, BBC News, Thai-Cambodian
border, 2 June 2005 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4599709.stm [accessed 29 December 2010] A recent court case
in Sex, lies and bad debts The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 October 2004 www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/15/1097784049462.html [accessed 30 December 2010] Although the extent
of sexual servitude in Human Supply And Demand www.cambodia.oggham.com/?p=418 [access date unavailable] Inside the "abandoned" shop houses there were already a number of Cambodian inhabitants. They greeted the newcomers and led them inside. The mission of illegal entry was completed; the next step would be to find "buyers" for the human cargo. Seduction, Sale
& Slavery: Trafficking In Women & Children For Sexual Exploitation In
Jonathan Martens, Maciej
‘Mac’ Pieczkowski and Bernadette van Vuuren-Smyth,
International Organization for Migration (IOM), Regional Office for Southern Africa, At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 12 September 2011] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - The major
findings may be summarized as follows: Mozambican victims include
both girls and young women between the ages of 14 and 24. They are offered
jobs as waitresses or sex workers in Freedom House
Country Report - Political Rights: 5 Civil Liberties: 4 Status: Partly Free 2009 Edition www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2009/thailand [accessed 28 June 2012] Human Rights
Overview Human Rights Watch [accessed 30 December 2010] Library of Congress Call Number DS563.5
.T4563 1989 lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/thtoc.html [accessed 30 December 2010] "Modern day slavery".
Prostitution in exquis Dodano:
30 July 2003 www.sciaga.pl/tekst/16435-17-modern_day_slavery_prostitution_in_thailand [accessed 30 December 2010] To every one of us being
a child means playing, laughing, eating ice cream, being surrounded with
loving and caring parents. For children in A Modern Form of Slavery: Trafficking of
Burmese Women and Girls into Brothels in Human Rights Watch (December 1993) --
ISBN-10: 156432107X, ISBN-13:
978-1564321077 www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/156432107X?v=glance [accessed 30 December 2010] by Women's Rights
Project (Human Rights Watch) (Author), Fighting Child Trafficking Peter Hadfield, Deutsche Welle News, 01.09.2007 www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1104482,00.html [accessed 30 December 2010] "Families are
still struggling to survive, and often, the poverty and the disparities
between countries, and also between rural areas and the towns, pushes
children and families to seek better opportunities," says Ravi Kaneta, who works in the child protection section at
UNICEF, which focuses on child trafficking and sexual exploitation. He says Singaporean man arrested on human
trafficking charges - Result of ongoing investigations in Pattaya Mail, 22 May 2004 www.thaivisa.com/forum/topic/10741-singaporean-man-arrested-for-human-trafficking/ [accessed 30 December 2010] The charges brought
against Lui Bok Poh were
the result of ongoing investigations in Police revealed
that, in cooperation with international agencies, they have a long list of
those involved in human trafficking and will eventually arrest them all,
confiscating all their assets in the process. Video Warns of Human Traffickers' False
Promises The Nation, Click [here]
to connect. The URL is not shown
because of its length [accessed 3 May 2012] He said the
majority of the young trafficking victims who saw the video said they had not
been aware of the risks and possible consequences associated with work
migration. Khammoune
Souphanthong, director of the Lao Social Welfare
Department, welcomed the video, saying it would be a useful tool in educating
Lao children on the dangers of trafficking. Local and Thai procurers lure Lao
boys and girls with false promises of well-paid jobs in Thai families partners in child sex trade -
Border area's products are drugs and daughters Andrew Perrin, San Francisco Chronicle, Mae
Sai, www.sfgate.com/news/article/Thai-families-partners-in-child-sex-trade-2877185.php [accessed 16 August 2012] When Burmese
migrant Ngun Chai sold his 13-year-old daughter
into prostitution for $114, his wife, La, had one regret
-- they didn't get a good price for her.
"I should have asked for 10,000 baht ($228)," La Chai said.
"He robbed us." Human traffic, human rights: redefining
victim protection [PDF] Anti-Slavery International, ISBN: 0 900918
55 1 At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 12 September 2011] [page 177] LAH - Lah, an ethnic
minority woman from Gender Concerns a Case Study of Sudarat Sereewat,
FACE (Fight Against Child Exploitation) -- This paper is for Asia and Pacific
Alliance of YMCAs Regional Consultation on Gender Concerns focussing on Girls Trafficking and Forced Prostitution,
14 - 19 September 2001, www.asiapacificymca.org/statements/Untitled-2.html [accessed 30 December 2010] I. A CASE OF LAOTIAN
GIRLS BEING TRAFFICKED INTO THAILAND FOR PROSTITUTION - A CRY FOR RESCUE - These 5 girls,
aged 15, 16, two 20 and 23, testified that they were lured to work as
waitress in a restaurant and will get about 15,000 Baht per month. They
traveled in different trips and different days but were coerced and
accompanied by the same Laotian woman trafficker across the border to These girls could
not leave the place on their own. The place where
they slept was not too far from the working place…the massage parlour, but they were always put in a car which drove
them between the two places. The 15 years old girl were
there for about 5 months, longer than the others. One of them had been there
for only about 20 days before being rescued. Millions Suffer in Sex Slavery United Press International UPI, Chicago, 24
April 2001 archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/4/23/184354.shtml [accessed 30 December 2010] Statistical
estimates indicate 300,000 women have been sold into the sex trade in Western
Europe in the last 10 years, and since 1990, 80,000 women and children from
Myanmar (formerly Burma), Cambodia, Laos and China have been sold into
Thailand's sex industry. Crisis-hit Kyodo News, www.thefreelibrary.com/Crisis-hit+Laos+wrestles+with+child-trafficking+problem.-a059332210 [accessed 30 December 2010] Thousands of Lao
youths illegally migrate to Development and Education Program for
Daughters and Communities, 30 May 2005 www.towardfreedom.com/home/content/view/200/65/ [accessed 30 December 2010] Many rural families
are landless or in debt to money lenders. As a result, men go to the cities
for casual work. Often they don't return, however, leaving their wives to
raise families single-handedly. Faced with such pressures, some parents view
their daughters as commodities which can be traded. Brothel owners have
networks of agents combing the villages for troubled families with daughters,
making tempting offers of good jobs in the big cities and resort areas. So
begins a cycle in which relatives, village headmen, police, government
officials, and business people all benefit from the girls' labor. Forced Prostitution Rampant in Feminist News, July 14, 1998 -- Media
Resources: www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=2404 [accessed 30 December 2010] Young girls in Trafficking of Burmese Women and Girls into
Brothels in Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org/en/news/1994/01/30/trafficking-burmese-women-and-girls-brothels-thailand [accessed 30 December 2010] The Thai government
is guilty of complicity in the trafficking of Burmese women and girls into Dying to Leave Thirteen, www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/dying-to-leave/human-trafficking-worldwide/thailand/1464/ [accessed 26 December 2010] VICTIMS - Traffickers find
fertile ground in But with the boom
in trafficked women and children from But often, defining
whether a victim has been forced to take up sex work or other labor or chosen
to do so willingly is an impossible task. With limited options for work in All
material used herein reproduced under the fair use exception of 17 USC § 107
for noncommercial, nonprofit, and educational use. PLEASE RESPECT COPYRIGHTS OF COMPONENT
ARTICLES. Cite this webpage as: Patt,
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