Torture in [Sudan] [other countries]Human Trafficking in [Sudan Street Children in [Sudan] [other countries]Child Prostitution in [Sudan] [other countries] |
Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery In the early years of the 21st Century gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Sudan.htm
Sudanese women and
girls are trafficked to Middle Eastern countries such as |
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CAUTION: The following
links have been culled from the web to illuminate the situation in ***
FEATURED ARTICLES *** 880 Sudanese Slaves Liberated - Thousands
Remain Enslaved in Dr. John Eibner,
The theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=1462 [accessed 25 December 2010] Most of the
returning slaves documented by CSI reported gross abuse by their Arab Muslim
masters. Among the most widespread forms of abuse are beatings, death
threats, work without pay, forced Islamization and Arabization, and racial and religious slurs. The majority
of women and older girls said they were raped or gang-raped while in bondage.
A minority of the females claim they were subjected to female genital
mutilation (FGM) — a ritual that is the cultural norm for Baggara
Arab women. From Slavery to Freedom...Please read Ayiti Ap
Bon, 01-22-02 www.haitiwebs.com/showthread.php?t=20504 [accessed 25 December 2010] Bok said he was
captured by the raiders and, along with two little girls, was placed on a
donkey and carted north. "The girls were crying, and when they did not
stop after being told to do so, a soldier pulled out his pistol and shot one
of them," he said. "The other girl kept crying, and then he shot
her." Bok was taken to Kirio, he said, where he was given to an Arab man, who
presented him to the entire household. They all beat him. "They always
called me 'abeed,' which means black slave, and I
had to sleep with the cows," he said, adding that he was always fed
leftovers from the master's table. Michael Coren,
Sun Media, 11/25/2003 At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 11 September 2011] Women and children
abducted in slave raids are roped by the neck or strapped to animals and then
marched north. Along the way, many women and girls are repeatedly gang-raped.
Children who will not be silent are shot on the spot. In the north, slaves
are either kept by individual militia soldiers or sold in markets. Boys work
as livestock herders, forced to sleep with the animals they care for. "Some who try
to escape have their Achilles tendons cut to hamper their ability to run.
Masters typically use women and girls as domestics and concubines, cleaning
by day and serving the master sexually by night. Survivors report being
called "Abeed" (black slave), enduring
daily beatings, and receiving awful food. Masters also strip slaves of their
religious and cultural identities, giving them Arabic names and forcing them
to pray as Muslims." Widespread Gang-Rape of Boy Slaves Maria Sliwa,
Freedom Now World At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 11 September 2011] During a recent
fact finding trip to Many of the
redeemed slaves told Sliwa that in order to avoid
rape, male slaves would try to escape but were hunted down like animals by
their masters. The punishment for resisting rape is often severe beatings,
death or limb amputation. Saudi Religious Leader Calls for Slavery's
Legalization Daniel Pipes, Lion's Den, November 7, 2003 www.danielpipes.org/blog/2003/11/saudi-religious-leader-calls-for-slaverys [accessed 25 December 2010] Muslims, in contrast,
still think the old way. Slavery still exists in a host of majority-Muslim
countries (especially The challenge ahead
is clear: Muslims must emulate their fellow monotheists by modernizing their
religion with regard to slavery, interest and much else. No more fighting
jihad to impose Muslim rule. No more endorsement of suicide terrorism. No
more second-class citizenship for non-Muslims. ***
ARCHIVES *** Human Rights
Reports » 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61594.htm [accessed 25 December 2010] TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS
– There were no informed estimates on the extent of trafficking, either for jockeys
or for sexual exploitation. There were credible reports that tribal leaders
with government connections transported children to the There were credible
reports that intertribal abductions of women and children continued in the
South. Victims frequently became part of the new tribal family, with most
women marrying into the new tribe; however, some victims were used for labor
or sexual purposes. As intertribal fighting in the South decreased, the
number of abductions also appeared to decline. The government acknowledged
that abductions occurred and that abductees were sometimes forced into
domestic servitude and sexual exploitation. The CEAWC and its 22 joint tribal
committees investigated abduction cases and sought to facilitate the safe
return of victims. CEAWC did not pursue legal action against abductors. CEAWC
reported that since 1999, 1,354 abductees were reunited with their families.
Credible sources noted that some of the CEAWC-facilitated reunions were
forced repatriations of persons over age 18 against the wishes of the
abductees. During the past 20
years, the LRA kidnapped more than 20 thousand Ugandan children, took them
back to the southern part of the country, and forced them to become sex
slaves, pack animals, or soldiers. Many of the victims were killed. The LRA
also abducted citizens while raiding towns in the South. According to SPLM/A
officials, on November 21, suspected LRA rebels abducted 11 people in Concluding Observations Of The Committee On
The Rights Of The Child (CRC) UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 4
October 2002 www1.umn.edu/humanrts/crc/sudan2002.html [accessed 25 December 2010] [61] The Committee
welcomes the work of the Committee for the Eradication of Abduction of Women
and Children. However, it remains concerned that the State party's
legislation does not adequately prohibit slavery or sanction those engaged in
it and that thousands of children have been abducted and enslaved in the
context of the armed conflict as well as for commercial gain (i.e. sold as
servants, agricultural laborers and concubines, or forcibly recruited as
soldiers). Sudanese children abducted for fighting and
sex-UN Reuters, www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0817452320070608 [accessed 26 December 2010] Children in Activists ‘Outraged’ over Upgrading Status
of Hazel Trice Edney,
National Newspaper Publishers Association, www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2005/051026-sudan-status.htm [accessed 26 December 2010] “The government of www.jihadwatch.org/2005/10/us-governments-elevation-of-sudans-slavery-status-challenged.html [accessed 26 December 2010] A State Department
memorandum justifying the Presidential Determination, dated 21 September,
claims that the Government of Sudan has made "significant efforts" to
bring itself into compliance with Neither the TIP
office, nor the Sudanese government, however, has been able to provide
details of such alleged measures. A Hero in Hell. Former Drug Dealer Frees
Abducted Child Soldiers in Maria Sliwa,
Assist News Service ANS, Nimule, ithinkimafundamentalist.blogspot.com/2005/10/this-guy-is-just-asking-to-have-movie.html [accessed 2 January 2011] In March of this
year, a band of these small predators attacked a group of women who were
collecting firewood near the border of The children of the
LRA perform these acts at the bidding of their adult counterparts and make up
about 80 percent of the rebel group, according to the United Nations. The LRA
has kidnapped more than 20,000 children since 1988 and today its captives
constitute the largest army of child soldiers in For Robyn Dixon, articles.latimes.com/2005/mar/29/world/fg-slavery29 [accessed 4 September 2012] The map of Majok’s life is carved on his body in scars. They trace
the vicious beatings, his castration, the time he was left hanging by a rope
around his neck. But grief and trauma have erased nearly every other scrap of
his boyhood story. 880 Sudanese Slaves Liberated - Thousands
Remain Enslaved in Dr. John Eibner,
The theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=1462 [accessed 25 December 2010] Most of the
returning slaves documented by CSI reported gross abuse by their Arab Muslim masters.
Among the most widespread forms of abuse are beatings, death threats, work
without pay, forced Islamization and Arabization, and racial and religious slurs. The majority
of women and older girls said they were raped or gang-raped while in bondage.
A minority of the females claim they were subjected to female genital
mutilation (FGM) — a ritual that is the cultural norm for Baggara
Arab women. Child Camel Jockeys Find Hope Lucy Williamson, BBC News, newswww.bbc.net.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4236123.stm [accessed 26 December 2010] Children from
Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sudan are still being smuggled to the United Arab
Emirates to work as camel jockeys, despite a law passed two years ago banning
their use. It is not uncommon for
child jockeys to fall off and be injured while racing, and their illegal
status means race track owners are often reluctant to take them to hospital. Instead, says Ansar
Burney, the boys often arrive with broken hands or broken legs. And many, he
says, have been sodomized. Refugee From Maria Lenis, The Daily Pennsylvanian, 2
March 2005 [accessed 26 December 2010] Deng was given as a
gift to an Arab family, and he had no chance of trying to escape in a
predominantly Arab town. "We were
treated like animals," Deng said. Sudanese plead for 17 February 2005 www.cumberlink.com/articles/2005/02/17/news/news04.txt [access date unavailable] Abuk Bak was 10 when the Arab militia came for the farm
animals her family raised. They
attacked her village in southern From Slavery to Freedom...Please read Ayiti Ap
Bon, 01-22-02 www.haitiwebs.com/showthread.php?t=20504 [accessed 25 December 2010] Bok said he was
captured by the raiders and, along with two little girls, was placed on a
donkey and carted north. "The girls were crying, and when they did not
stop after being told to do so, a soldier pulled out his pistol and shot one
of them," he said. "The other girl kept crying, and then he shot
her." Bok was taken to Kirio, he said, where he was given to an Arab man, who
presented him to the entire household. They all beat him. "They always
called me 'abeed,' which means black slave, and I
had to sleep with the cows," he said, adding that he was always fed
leftovers from the master's table. Freedom House
Country Report - Political Rights: 7 Civil Liberties: 7 Status: Not Free 2009 Edition www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2009/sudan [accessed 28 June 2012] Human Rights
Overview Human Rights Watch [accessed 26 December 2010] Library of Congress Call Number DT154.6
.S93 1992 lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html [accessed 26 December 2010] Black Sudanese Slaves Liberated CSI Urges
UN Security Council to Emancipate Slaves and Impose Oil & Arms Embargo www.ephrem.org/dehai_news_archive/2005/Nov04-Jan05/0230.html [access date unavailable] The 191 freed slaves,
mainly women and children, had been captured during Sudanese
government-sponsored raids against Black African villages in Slave interviews
confirm a pattern of severe physical and psychological abuse. Freed female
slaves claimed to have been raped and subjected to genital mutilation (FGM).
Some freed boy slaves also reported having been raped by masters. Sudanese Slave 'Crucified' by his Master
Not Unusual in Central African Nation Michael Ireland, Chief Correspondent,
ASSIST News Service ANS, www.assistnews.net/STORIES/2004/s04110038.htm [accessed 26 December 2010] "After
brutally beating Joseph on the head and all over his body, the master laid
him out on a wooden plank. He then nailed Joseph to the plank by driving
nine-inch nails through his hands, knees and feet. He then poured acid on
Joseph's legs to inflict even greater pain, and finally left him for
dead." Genevieve Butler, AlertNet,
www.mail-archive.com/ugandanet@kym.net/msg16344.html [accessed 26 December 2010] The Lord's
Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel group and religious sect, has been terrorising northern Mende Nazer: Fighting for Asylum Tekla Szymanski,
Associate Editor, World Press Review (VOL. 50, No. 01), January 2003 www.worldpress.org/Africa/856.cfm [accessed 26 December 2010] The United Nations
estimates that up to 15,000 Sudanese, primarily in southern Slavery in B.A. Robinson, Religious Tolerance, 5
August 1998 www.religioustolerance.org/sla_sud.htm [accessed 26 December 2010] OVERVIEW OF THE Some marauding,
government-backed militias, who are mainly from the Baggara
tribe in western Because of the
civil war, tribal animosities in the south have been aggravated. An ancient
tribal practice has once more become common: women and children are being
abducted by rival tribes. The victims are kidnapped and held until their
relatives can scrape up enough ransom money to buy them back. The Sudan
Foundation, a non-Muslim group, claims that "Outside those areas
controlled by the Sudanese Government, the old practice of inter-tribal
feuding continues. In these raids prisoners are taken, who must then be
ransomed. What looks like the purchase of slaves is actually the redemption
of prisoners of war." The Sudan Peoples
Liberation Army (SPLA), which is fighting the Sudanese government, has raided
villagers and forced men and children to work as laborers or porters for the
rebel army. Some have been forcibly conscripted into the army. The Lucian Niemeyer, LNS Art, www.lnsart.com/Sudan%20Slave%20Story.htm [accessed 26 December 2010] Two million people
have died in the conflict, mostly civilians. In the center of this carnage a
huge slave trade is going on. Civilians, mostly women and children, with
their husbands slain have little ability to resist and are being sold
into slavery to the northern Sudan Muslims and the eastern emirates. The Peace FAQ: Slavery, Slaves - Frequently
Asked Questions Prof. Walid Phares, before the www.peacefaq.com/slavery.html#arethe [accessed 26 December 2010] ARE THE ARABS STILL
BUYING AND SELLING AFRICANS? - Religious
persecution of Christians in the Hundreds of slaves freed in Sudan World Net Daily WND, April 02, 2004 www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=37853 [accessed 26 December 2010] Over the past three
weeks, the organization says, 503 slaves, mainly women and children, were
gathered from government-run camps in northern Human Security in Report was by Mr. John Harker
for the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/E2-198-2000E.pdf [accessed 26 December 2010] HUMAN SECURITY IN INTRODUCTION - On October 26,
1999, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lloyd Axworthy
and the Minister for International Co-operation, Maria Minna,
announced several Canadian initiatives to bolster international efforts
backing a negotiated settlement to the 43-year civil war in MANDATE - a) independently
investigate human rights violations, specifically in reference to allegations
of slavery and slavery-like practices in HUMAN RIGHTS AND
SLAVERY
- Leonardo Franco expressed the view that "the war and the pernicious
strategies employed had also revived and exacerbated the problems of slavery
in the Sudan", and was concerned about the plight of internally
displaced persons, evidence that the war was being conducted in disregard of
the principles of human rights, and the GOS bore the largest share of
responsibility for violations. Mike Dottridge, Director of Anti-Slavery, the world's oldest
international human rights campaign, said in an appeal to Sudanese President
Bashir early in 1999 that "the reality is that people being abducted
from communities in northern Bahr al-Ghazal by government-backed militias are
being exploited as slaves in the households of militiamen and others." 56 Boy Slaves Freed from Cattle Camps Press Release from Christian Solidarity
International CSI, Abyei Mou
(Sudan), Nairobi, May 3, 2004 www.jihadwatch.org/2004/05/sudan-56-boy-slaves-freed-from-cattle-camps.html [accessed 26 December 2010] 56 boy slaves were
liberated at the end of April from the cattle camps of Arab nomads in the
borderlands between northern and southern Upon releasing the
slaves, the head of the Baggara cattle camps
between the Bahr el Arab and President Bush Urged to Help Free Sudanese
Slaves Now; Conditions Ripe for Mass Exodus of Slaves PRNewswire, [accessed 26 December 2010] Since 1995, CSI has
facilitated the liberation and return of slaves through an 'Underground
Railway' based on local Arab-Black African peace agreements. Over 6,000 women
and children have returned to their homes through this mechanism in the first
half of this year. However, tens of thousands of women and children remain
enslaved, according to community leaders in both Northern and My life as a modern-day slave Joseph Winter, BBC News Online, 26 January
2004 news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/jan/26/0248.html [accessed 26 December 2010] She was just 12
when one night her village was targeted by Arab slave raiders, who snatched
her away from her loving family to be a slave in far away Michael Coren,
Sun Media, 11/25/2003 At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 11 September 2011] Women and children
abducted in slave raids are roped by the neck or strapped to animals and then
marched north. Along the way, many women and girls are repeatedly gang-raped.
Children who will not be silent are shot on the spot. In the north, slaves
are either kept by individual militia soldiers or sold in markets. Boys work
as livestock herders, forced to sleep with the animals they care for. "Some who try
to escape have their Achilles tendons cut to hamper their ability to run.
Masters typically use women and girls as domestics and concubines, cleaning
by day and serving the master sexually by night. Survivors report being
called "Abeed" (black slave), enduring
daily beatings, and receiving awful food. Masters also strip slaves of their
religious and cultural identities, giving them Arabic names and forcing them
to pray as Muslims." Dollars and sense Mike Dottridge,
Director of Anti-Slavery International, New Internationalist 337 August 2001 www.newint.org/features/2001/08/05/dollars/ [accessed 26 December 2010] This vast African
nation has become known increasingly for its civil war and human-rights
abuses – particularly slavery. Thousands of women and children have been
abducted from the South and enslaved in the North. For the past 15 years, in
the midst of civil war, one particular conflict zone, Saudi Religious Leader Calls for Slavery's
Legalization Daniel Pipes, Lion's Den, November 7, 2003 www.danielpipes.org/blog/2003/11/saudi-religious-leader-calls-for-slaverys [accessed 25 December 2010] Muslims, in
contrast, still think the old way. Slavery still exists in a host of
majority-Muslim countries (especially The challenge ahead
is clear: Muslims must emulate their fellow monotheists by modernizing their
religion with regard to slavery, interest and much else. No more fighting
jihad to impose Muslim rule. No more endorsement of suicide terrorism. No
more second-class citizenship for non-Muslims. Jihad Slavery: An Ugly Living Legacy Alyssa A. Lappen,
Front Page Magazine, 17 October 2003 www.israelforum.com/board/showthread.php?t=3981 [accessed 26 December 2010] The cruelty that
Francis Bok experienced at age seven defies civilized human conception. Today, Francis Bok
is not only free. He has educated himself. And he has fulfilled his father’s
dreams. He is like twelve men. He speaks for the enslaved Dinka
masses, still suffering Islamic razzias in Lucian Niemeyer, "Africa, The
Holocausts of www.lnsart.com/Sudan%20Oilfields.htm [accessed 26 December 2010] There is a killing
place in Africa called the oilfields of the Thousands of slaves in Sudan BBC News, 28 May 2003 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2942964.stm [accessed 26 December 2010] More than 11,000
people have been abducted in 20 years of slave-raiding in Dying to Leave Thirteen, www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/dying-to-leave/human-trafficking-worldwide/sudan/1460/ [accessed 26 December 2010] VICTIMS - Though frequent
reports by former slaves indicate that raiders routinely shoot male
villagers, others indicate that men are instead often used as soldiers or
laborers by government or rebel forces. Women and children are the most
frequent victims, used for domestic labor, sex, or as soldiers. Ages range
from toddlers to women in their mid-30s. Most are subjected to some form of
physical or sexual abuse. In SLAVERY IN Charles Jacobs, President of the American
Anti-Slavery Group, At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 11 September 2011] An instructive case
is Widespread Gang-Rape of Boy Slaves Maria Sliwa,
Freedom Now World At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 11 September 2011] During a recent
fact finding trip to Many of the
redeemed slaves told Sliwa that in order to avoid
rape, male slaves would try to escape but were hunted down like animals by
their masters. The punishment for resisting rape is often severe beatings,
death or limb amputation. Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, March 2002 www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/africa/sudanupdate.htm [accessed 26 December 2010] Human Rights Watch
has long denounced slavery in War and Slavery in Jok Madut
Jok, www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/13478.html [accessed 26 December 2010] Jok emphasizes that the
contemporary practice of slavery in For Arab traders
"the nation of the blacks," or Bilad
Al-Sudan, has traditionally been the source of slaves. When the slave trade
developed into corporate enterprise in the nineteenth century, the
slave-takers articulated distinctions based on race, ethnicity, and religion
that marked the black, infidel southerners as indisputably inferior and
therefore "natural" slaves. Such distinctions have survived for
decades and have fueled various forms of oppression of the black south, even
during those periods when slavery has not been authorized by the government.
When it is authorized, as it is today, slavery then becomes the extreme form
of this systemic oppression. Slavery In New www.africansudanesesociety.freehomepage.com/custom4.html [accessed 26 December 2010] MODERN DAY SLAVERY - Modern day
slavery first emerged with the support of the government of DESCRIPTION OF
INCIDENT
- In 1987, Dr.Ushari Mahmoud co-authored an
independent investigation into a massacre in the Sudanese town of Slavery in Joe Madison, NewsMax,
Feb. 13, 2001 archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/2/13/195405.shtml [accessed 26 December 2010] A 13-year-old boy, Yak Kenyang
Adeiu, had all his fingers cut off by his slave
master. Mawien Aher Bol had his finger cut off
by his master because he lost a goat. Angot Wol Angra was attacked by her
master's brother with a knife when she lost a goat. Arek Kiir had her throat cut and her chest burned because she
refused to give up her infant to a slave master. Agom Bol Akuei and her children were
forced to carry a heavy load of salt, looted by slave traders. She collapsed
under the weight, and the load of salt crushed her jaw. She received no
medical attention. Garang Deng Yel and Athian Athian Athian had their arms
chopped off with an ax by slave owners when they went north to try to rescue
their enslaved wives and children. A woman who walked with a severe limp
recounted to me how she had been gang-raped by her master and 10 others. When
she resisted, the men violently forced her legs apart, dislocating one of her
hips from the joint. Is there Slavery in Anti-Slavery International, March 2001 At one time this article had been archived and
may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 11 September 2011] 3. INFORMATION GIVEN
TO ANTI-SLAVERY'S REPRESENTATIVES BY INDIVIDUALS WITH PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OF
ABDUCTION 3.1 GABRIEL MUONG
DENG, A YOUNG MAN INTERVIEWED IN AD-DHA'EIN 58. I am from Warawar [possibly Wedweil],
near Marial Bai (in 3.2 TESTIMONY OF BOL
MANYUAT BOL, A YOUNG MAN INTERVIEWED IN 65. At the time of
my abduction I was living in Akwat Ajok village in 3.3 TESTIMONY OF
AHOK AKOK, A WOMAN INTERVIEWED AT 71. Our family was
captured about six years ago [i.e. about 1994] when we were already fleeing
north and had crossed into the North into Kordofan.
I was captured with my son, Akai, and my two daughters, this one called Abuk [present at the interview], who was about eight at
the time, and a younger one, about two. We were taken by a tribe called Humr [ie, Misseriya
Humr], who split the three of us up. The man who
took me subsequently sold me on to some other nomads to look after cattle,
for about 130 Sudanese Pounds. I had to look after their cows and spent about
six years with them before I managed to escape to Makaringa
village. 3.4 TESTIMONY OF
MAYEL DENG MAJOK, A YOUNG MAN INTERVIEWED IN NYALA 74. I am from Ajuang near Aweil. I am about
16 years old now. I used to look after cattle for my aunt. One day about two
or three years ago some raiders came, about 30 of them on horses. They caught
me near where I had been sitting with some boys under a tree. Six of us had
our wrists tied and were put in a horse-drawn cart. One of the other boys was
called Makuch. Later on the same day three women
were captured as well. We all had to go with the horsemen, sometimes riding,
sometimes walking, for about six days, until we got to Sidam
village, where the nine of us were split up. A man called Al-Fadhl took me to his house in Ferdos
(a village near Ad-Dha'ein) by horse. He had five
relatives there. During the wet season I had to dig the ground, and in the
dry season look after goats. I learnt to speak Arabic from the others. I
slept in the house with the others, collected water from a deep well, which I
carried on a donkey back to the household, but generally had to eat by myself. U.N. Fails to Censure United Press International UPI, archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/4/20/165110.shtml [accessed 26 December 2010] The United Nations'
top human rights body adopted a resolution Friday citing Anti-Slavery Anti-Slavery International, 2 November 2000 At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 11 September 2011] There have been
reports from Slavery in the Sudan - A briefing by John Eibner Middle East Forum briefing by John Eibner, Assistant to the International President of the
Geneva-based Christian Solidarity International (CSI), November 7, 2000 www.meforum.org/182/slavery-in-the-sudan [accessed 26 December 2010] In SLAVERY IN THE NAME
OF JIHAD
- One finds slavery and quasi-slavery practices around the world, yet what
makes slavery unique in Buying the freedom of slaves in Sudan Cable News Network CNN, At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 11 September 2011] A global charity is
fighting the internationally condemned slave trade in The U.N. Finds Slavery in the David Littman, Representative of the World
Federalist Movement to the United Nations Office in Geneva, Middle East
Quarterly, September 1996, pp. 91-94 www.meforum.org/319/the-un-finds-slavery-in-the-sudan [accessed 26 December 2010] INTRODUCTION BY
DAVID LITTMAN
- A military regime espousing a fundamentalist Islamic orientation came to
power in the Dr. Ushari
Mahmoud's "Al Daein Massacre-Slavery Human Rights Watch/Africa Watch, ' www.thefileroom.org/documents/dyn/DisplayCase.cfm/id/190 [accessed 26 December 2010] DESCRIPTION OF
INCIDENT
- Dr. Ushari was detained shortly after the coup
(June 30, 1989). In a letter to President Jimmy Carter, written from Shalla Prison in Daufur dated
April 5, 1990, he wrote: 'I have been recently transferred to this prison
after nine months of detention at Kobar prison in All
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