Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery Poverty drives the unsuspecting poor into the
hands of traffickers Published
reports & articles from 2000 to 2025 gvnet.com/humantrafficking/SouthAfrica.htm
South Africa is a
source, transit, and destination country for trafficked men, women, and
children. Children are largely trafficked within the country from poor rural
areas to urban centers like Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, and Bloemfontein
– girls trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and
domestic servitude; boys trafficked for forced street vending, food service,
begging, crime, and agriculture; and both boys and girls trafficked for “muti” (the removal of their organs for traditional
medicine). The tradition of “ukuthewala,” the
forced marriage of girls as young as 12 to adult men, is still practiced in
remote villages in the Eastern Cape. -
U.S. State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report,
June, 2009 Check out a later country report here and possibly a full TIP Report here |
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CAUTION:
The following links have been culled from the web to
illuminate the situation in HOW TO USE THIS WEB-PAGE Students If you are looking for
material to use in a term-paper, you are advised to scan the postings on this
page and others to see which aspects of Human Trafficking are of particular
interest to you. Would you like to
write about Forced-Labor? Debt
Bondage? Prostitution? Forced Begging? Child Soldiers? Sale of Organs? etc. On the other
hand, you might choose to include precursors of trafficking such as poverty and hunger. There is a lot to
the subject of Trafficking. Scan other
countries as well. Draw comparisons
between activity in adjacent countries and/or regions. Meanwhile, check out some of the Term-Paper resources
that are available on-line. Teachers Check out some of
the Resources
for Teachers attached to this website. HELP for Victims Police Service ***
FEATURED ARTICLE *** Are 30,000 children
really ‘trafficked’ in South Africa every year? The claim exaggerates the
problem Researched by Kate
Wilkinson and Sintha Chiumia,
Africa Check, 18 October 2013 [accessed 5 January
2017] As many as “30,000
kids trafficked in SA” read a headline in The Times in October 2013. A
similar article appeared in the Pretoria News, suggesting that “at least
30,000 children” are trafficked and prostituted annually in South Africa and
“50 per cent of them are under the age of 14”. The paper attributed the claim
to Roxanne Rawlins of Freedom Climb, “a project that works with trafficked
people around the globe”. Rawlins told Africa
Check via email that the figure of 30,000 originated from an International Organisation for Migration Report on “internal
trafficking” in South Africa which was published in 2008, a “US AIDS”
research report (she may have meant USAID) and a study by the National Centre
for Justice and Rule of Law, based at the University of Mississippi school of
law in the United States. However, the
International Organisation for Migration’s 2008
report “No Experience Necessary”: The Internal Trafficking of Persons in
South Africa does not estimate that there are 30,000 children currently being
trafficked for the purpose of prostitution in South Africa. Nor does it claim
that 50% are under the age of 14. Human traffickers
aim to exploit 2010 Vivian Attwood, Independent Online (IOL) News, 19 February
2009 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/human-traffickers-aim-to-exploit-2010-1.435090 [accessed 23 December 2010] TRUSTED - They were
approached by people they knew, and therefore trusted, to leave their homes. En route, they were raped and had their documents
confiscated. Some were sold to mine workers in SA, and others were destined
for brothels. The undercover
investigation team making the video posed as prospective "clients,"
asking one trafficker: "How many women can you get us?" "Depends how many you need," was
the response. When asked what a woman
cost, he replied "R1 000, and maybe R150 for the border
official." "How do you make
sure the women don't run away when they find they aren't going to be
waitressing, but doing sex work?" the interviewer asked. "Sometimes we rape them. We call it
'washing the hands'," the trafficker said. ***
ARCHIVES *** IOM's national 24-hour
toll-free telephone helpline 0800 555
999 was set up in August 2004 to encourage members of the public to
report known or suspected cases of sex-trafficking and to inform victims in
South Africa that they can seek help. Human Trafficking In
South Africa Marcella Teresi, The Borgen Project, 9
February 2021 borgenproject.org/human-trafficking-in-south-africa/ [accessed 23
February 2021] WOMEN -- Traffickers capitalize
on South Africa’s poverty epidemic and unemployment, and poverty strips its
victims of their dignity. Women who undergo trafficking come from different
backgrounds of poverty and many of them are immigrants. The same applies to
internal migrants. Since most of these poor women who enter South Africa are
in search of economic opportunities, they do so often without formal
immigration papers; such women often turn to domestic work. They work long
hours every day of the week, their salaries often lower than the mandated
accepted salary for domestic workers. Sometimes, employers take the
identification they might have entered South Africa with for “safekeeping,”
though it is really about holding these women hostage. This makes it
difficult for them to leave if they are not happy with their employer’s
conditions. For black women, the marginalization doubles due to their race
and gender. White South Africans make up 8% of South Africa’s population yet
own 87% of all farmland, according to the country’s government through AFP
and the Washington Post. Since most are not living in poverty, they are less
vulnerable. Jobs scam part of
human trafficking syndicate - Hawks Rudolf Nkgadima, Independent Online (IOL) News, Cape Town, South
Africa, 29 December 2020 [Long
URL] [accessed 29
December 2020] More than half of
South Africans show vulnerability indicators to being susceptible to
trafficking, according to the Global Slave Index. With at least 2,2 million jobs having been lost this year, more people
are finding themselves in a vulnerable position economically, traffickers are
using this to their advantage, luring potential victims into a life of
trafficking by offering them job opportunities. According to A21, a
non-profit organisation fighting the injustice of
human trafficking, if you are going to consider a job outside of South
Africa, you will need to do some online research on the company offering the
position. Here are ways to
tell if a job is a scam .... Elucidating the
reality of human trafficking in South Africa Nonsindiso Qwabe,
University of the Free State, 12 October 2020 [accessed 19 October
2020] Prof Kruger said
these convictions provide significant insights into human trafficking in
South Africa. Firstly, victims are seldom being kidnapped and taken by force.
Instead, traffickers prefer to trick and trap victims by misleading them with
false promises of a better life. Court cases exposed
that many are misled by fabricated well-paid jobs or educational
opportunities. The cases further reveal how traffickers submit their victims
to various forms of exploitation. Aldina dos Santos
[S v Dos Santos [2018 1 SACR 20 (GP)] was sentenced to life imprisonment for
cunningly transporting Mozambican girls to her Gauteng residence, where they
were forced to use drugs and perform sexual services to multiple paying
clients. The court further imposed eight life sentences on Loyd Mabuza [S v Lloyd Mabuza 2018 2 SACR 54 (GP)] for holding four Mozambican
girls between the ages of 10 and 16 captive as sex slaves for three years in
the Sabi district. In S v Matini [case
no. RC 123/2013 EC)], several South African victims, including mentally
challenged girls, were sexually exploited in a brothel near Port Elizabeth.
The two female traffickers in S v Seleso [case no.
SS45/2018 (GJ)], who forced an orphaned girl into prolonged online sexual
exploitation, were each sentenced to 19 life sentences. Convictions were
also secured in other forms of exploitation, such as labour trafficking. In
Mpumalanga, a boy of only six years old was forced into child labour. In the
Pinetown area, children were provided at a price in illegal adoption scams:
some children were sold for up to R15 000.
Babies were also commodified and traded – in KwaZulu-Natal, a mother
even advertised her baby on Gumtree for R5 000. “In most cases, there were either
multiple victims, multiple traffickers, or both, and multiple places of
exploitation.” More charges for human trafficking
suspects South African
Government News Agency, 4 March 2020 www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/more-charges-human-trafficking-suspects [accessed 3 March
2020] The seven Chinese
nationals were arrested on 12 November 2019 in a joint operation conducted by
the Department’s Inspection and Enforcement Services (IES) in conjunction
with the police, Home Affairs and the Hawks. “The arrests followed a tip-off that the
Chinese nationals were allegedly involved in the trafficking of illegal
immigrants and subjecting them to forced labour,”
said Department spokesperson Tebogo Thejane. During the blitz,
91 Malawian nationals were found in the factory, 37 of whom were children. “The Court has
since heard that the Malawians working in the factory were transported to
South Africa using containers. The Malawians are alleged to have been brought
to South Africa by a middleman known as 'the transporter' who is still on the
run,” said the department. Mpumalanga police
rescue 50 suspected victims of human trafficking SABC | @SABCNewsOnline 26 October 2019 www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/mpumalanga-police-rescues-50-suspected-victims-of-human-trafficking/ [accessed 27 October
2019] Police in
Mpumalanga have rescued 50 suspected victims of human trafficking from
various houses in eMalahleni. This after a raid was
conducted on Saturday morning to rid the area of drugs and prostitution. The women claim to
have been kept against their will and forced to do sex work. About 150 people
were taken in for questioning. Of the women
rescued, some were sex workers and others captured against their will. Human trafficking
suspect to appear in court SABCNewsOnline, 18 June 2019 www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/human-trafficking-suspect-to-appear-in-court/ [accessed 18 June
2019] [name withheld] was arrested
after a woman escaped from a house where she was allegedly held captive and
forced to be a prostitute. According to the
Hawks in Mpumalanga, the victim was recruited by a friend with a promise of
an immediate job. Hawks spokesperson
in Mpumalanga Dineo Sekgotodi
says the woman was taken to a house where she found other girls who were all
allegedly forced into drugs and prostitution. 2020 Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices: South Africa U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor, 30 March 2021 www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/south-africa/
[accessed 24 June
2021] PROHIBITION OF
FORCED OR COMPULSORY LABOR Boys, particularly
migrant boys, were forced to work in street vending, food services,
begging, criminal activities, and agriculture (see section 7.c.). Women from
Asia and neighboring African countries were recruited for legitimate work,
but some were subjected to domestic servitude or forced labor in the service
sector. There were also reports by NGOs of forced labor in the agricultural,
mining, and fishing sectors. PROHIBITION OF CHILD
LABOR AND MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT Children were found
working as domestic laborers, street workers, and scavenging garbage for food
items and recyclable items. Boys, particularly migrant boys, were forced to
work in street vending, food services, begging, criminal activities, and
agriculture. Freedom House
Country Report 2020 Edition freedomhouse.org/country/south-africa/freedom-world/2020 [accessed 7 July
2020] G4. DO INDIVIDUALS
ENJOY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND FREEDOM FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION? Inequality levels
in South Africa are among the highest in the world. Only a small percentage
of the population benefits from large state industries,
and the economy is controlled by a relatively small number of people
belonging to the political and business elite. The government, businesses,
and the biggest labor federation agreed to institute a minimum wage, which
was implemented in January 2019. In October, finance minister Tito Mboweni proposed exempting small businesses from the law,
but he encountered opposition from the COSATU and SACP, the ANC’s coalition
partners, later that month. High levels of unemployment persist. South Africans
predominantly from rural regions, as well as foreign migrants, are vulnerable
to sex trafficking and forced labor. Organized criminal syndicates are
responsible for the bulk of trafficking. 2017 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor Office of Child
Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking, Bureau of International Labor
Affairs, US Dept of Labor, 2018 www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ilab/ChildLaborReport_Book.pdf [accessed 22 April
2019] www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2017/ChildLaborReportBook.pdf [accessed 6 May
2020] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL
Worst Forms of Child Labor [page 903] South Africa is a
source, transit, and destination country for child trafficking. Children are
trafficked from rural areas to the cities of Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban,
and Johannesburg. (2) Girls are mainly victimized for commercial sexual
exploitation and domestic work, while boys are forced to work in street
vending, food service, and begging. (17; 26; 27; 28; 2) Every five years,
the government publishes data on youth activities, including on child labor.
(1) In March 2017, the government released its 2015 Survey of Activities of
Young People; the survey results stated that 557,000 child laborers were
identified in the country. In KwaZulu-Natal province, approximately 1 out of
10 children were engaged in child labor, the highest percentage of all
provinces. (5) Additionally, the 2015 UNAIDS report, which was published in
2017, showed that 2.1 million South African children were newly orphaned due
to AIDS in 2015; this number has not declined since 2011. (29; 30) Orphaned
children and those with disabilities are especially vulnerable to child
labor, such as forced begging. (9; 31). Human trafficking
expands in KZN Barbara Cole, Independent Online (IOL) News, September
15 2008 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/human-trafficking-expands-in-kzn-1.416494 [accessed 23 December 2010] BELIEF - The Daily News
has learned of several cases in this province of girls from other countries -
The workshop heard
about one case where a girl had almost paid back her trafficker, only to find
she was then sold to another trafficker. "They are regarded as
property," said Mia Immelback, of the
International Organisation for Migration (IOM), who
is helping the Southern African Counter-Trafficking Assistance Programme. War against
trafficking - SA must enact laws to nail perpetrators Lowesa Stuurman,
(Researcher at the South African Law Commission), Sowetan,
12 March 2008 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 11
September 2011] Despite the best
efforts of South African courts to clamp down on practices related to human
trafficking, they are limited by current legislation, so it is important to
promulgate comprehensive trafficking legislation. Combating Human
Trafficking: A South African Legal Perspective [PDF] Hester Beatrix
Kruger, Thesis for degree Doctor Legum, Faculty of
Law, University of the Free State, November 2010 scholar.ufs.ac.za:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11660/2107/KrugerHB.pdf?sequence=1 [accessed 16
February 2018] The aim of the
study is threefold: first, to provide a better understanding of the
multifaceted human trafficking crime; secondly, to clarify obligations to
combat human trafficking contained in relevant international and African
regional instruments; and, thirdly, to analyse the
South African legal response for combating trafficking and to assess whether
this response complies with the identified international and African regional
obligations. Legalise prostitution for
2010 Xolani Mbanjwa, Independent Online
(IOL) News, December 7 2007 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/legalise-prostitution-for-2010-1.381832 [accessed 23 December 2010] Prostitution needs
to be legalised in Alleged child
trafficker walks free Raffaella Delle Donne, Independent
Online (IOL) News, December 1 2007 at 01:09pm www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/alleged-child-trafficker-walks-free-1.380989 [accessed 23 December 2010] Lured by promises
of work and a new life in the big city, children as young as 13 are being
brought to Judges asked to
clamp down on trafficking South African Press Association SAPA, October 19 2007 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/judges-asked-to-clamp-down-on-trafficking-1.375558 [accessed 23 December 2010] "Malawian
women are sold by Nigerian syndicates... to Human trafficking
as terrible as slavery South African Press Association SAPA, October 19 2007 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/human-trafficking-as-terrible-as-slavery-1.375610 [accessed 23 December 2010] Langa also said about
1 000 Mozambican girls and women were trafficked annually in SA. He said
they were lured with promises of lucrative jobs or picked up at taxi ranks
while searching for a lift. "After crossing the border, many women are
subjected to an 'initiation' rape at transit houses near the border.
"The girls are then sold as 'wives' to men on the mines in the West Rand
for around R650 or to SA brothels for R1 000." Women and children
trafficked at SA border Troy Martens and Vivian Attwood, Independent Online
(IOL) News, September 18 2007 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/women-and-children-trafficked-at-sa-border-1.371169 [accessed 23 December 2010] EXTENSIVE - "It is not
uncommon in SA for women and children to be trafficked within the borders and
sold to brothels in different cities," she said. She described the
trafficking chain as "extensive and highly organised".
Victims, said Toughey, are passed from person to
person. "In the case
of cross border trafficking, girls are kept in appalling conditions, smuggled
into the country in the backs of trucks, in taxis, cars and in some cases
even on foot or in containers as stowaways on ships. They are beaten and
abused and often do not speak any South African language". Tara, a former
prostitute, said more and more young girls under the age of 10 were arriving
in the city from rural areas. The South African Law Reform commission is
currently drafting legislation criminalising the
trafficking of humans. UN urges action on
'scary' levels of trafficking in southern Agence France-Presse AFP, 03 SEP
2007 captivedaughters.blogspot.com/2007/09/un-urges-action-on-levels-of.html [accessed 22 August 2014] ‘None of the
countries in southern Africa has specific anti-human trafficking legislation
in place,' Thomas Zindl-Cronin of the UN Office on
Drugs and Crime (UNODC) told reporters in Johannesburg. Specific legislation
to tackle the issue was needed to help the law enforcement agencies get to
grips with the situation. ' Human trafficking
in the sex industry South African Press Association SAPA, July 31 2007 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/human-trafficking-in-the-sex-industry-1.364282 [accessed 23 December 2010] Preliminary
research suggests that human trafficking in the sex industry in Gould was speaking
on the early indications of research by the ISS and the Sex Worker Education
and Advocacy Taskforce (Sweat) to determine the nature and extent of human
trafficking in SA hotbed of human
trafficking Rebecca Wynn (IOM's Southern African
Counter-Trafficking Assistance Programme): COMMENT
- Jun 05 2007 mg.co.za/article/2007-06-05-sa-hotbed-of-human-trafficking [accessed 6 May 2020] For
15-year-old Faith, the impact was devastating. Struggling to make ends meet
in New study shames
human traffickers Patrick Mathangani, The Standard, 11 May 2007 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 11
September 2011] International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) says Kenyans were also trafficked
to Its report,
‘Trafficking in Persons — The Eastern Africa Situation’, notes that women and
children were favourite targets for well-organised trafficking rings, which operate freely for
lack of solid laws against the vice. Human, drug
trafficking at border on the rise South African Press Association SAPA, www.iol.co.za/news/africa/human-drug-trafficking-at-border-on-the-rise-1.317866 [accessed 23 December 2010] "We are currently
not pre-occupied with people who enter illegally into Organisations working with
trafficked women say more than 1000 Mozambican women are trafficked each
year, mostly to Caught In Traffic Show: Carte Blanche, Producer: First Edit, Date: 28
January 2007 beta.mnet.co.za/carteblanche/Article.aspx?Id=3239 [accessed 23 December 2010] Every month
thousands of children are smuggled by greedy opportunists and syndicates
across our international and provincial borders. Once on the other side, they
are sold as domestic workers, for criminal activities, or for hard labour on farms. And many of the young girls are forced
into prostitution. Cops probed in
human trafficking case Sibusiso Ngalwa, Independent Online (IOL)
News, December 24 2006 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/cops-probed-in-human-trafficking-case-1.308717 [accessed 23 December 2010] Police are investigating
the role of fellow officers in an alleged human trafficking case involving 26
Thai women who were arrested in a dramatic raid on Durban's After Dark
"gentlemen's club" last weekend. The probe has also
been widened to include the murder of a young Thai woman, whose battered body
was found near the N3 at Camperdown last month. The
woman had been in the country illegally and was believed to have been working
as a prostitute in a brothel in the Human trafficking
rife in SA Lebogang Seale, Independent Online (IOL) News, 7 December 2006 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/human-trafficking-rife-in-sa-1.306483 [accessed 23 December 2010] They are promised a
better life in Warning on human
trafficking Tabelo Timse, THE HERALD NEWSPAPER,
PE, RSA, 15 Nov 2006 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 11
September 2011] The report said
women and children were brought into the county by syndicates, individual
agents, Nigerian drug lords, Congolese businesspeople, Angolan crime groups,
South African farmers, and Chinese triads. Women trafficked
from Human trafficking a
grave concern in SA [access information unavailable] "But certainly
women and children are being trafficked from She explained that
most women were lured by false promises to work in restaurants or with
promises of scholarship, school and study. She expressed concern at the lack
of legisaltion that dealt with trafficking as a
crime but indicated that there was now progress in redressing this problem
area. Human trafficking:
4 Asians held Graeme Hosken, Independent
Online (IOL) News, October 13 2006 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/human-trafficking-4-asians-held-1.297452 [accessed 23 December 2010] A Bangladeshi man
allegedly posing as a department of home affairs official was among four
people arrested on Thursday as part of a police investigation into a
human-trafficking gang. The arrests once
again highlighted the plight of thousands of people trafficked into Women sold into
prostitution by gamblers Tash Reddy, Independent Online (IOL) News, October 22
2005 www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/women-sold-into-prostitution-by-gamblers-1.256725 [accessed 23 December 2010] Women married to
compulsive gamblers are being raped or forced into prostitution by loan
sharks after being used as collateral by their addicted husbands. And the
lack of action by the KZN Gambling Board, among others, is exacerbating the
problem. City a 'human
trafficking centre' Candes Keating, Innocence in Danger IED, At one time, the article had been accessible [here]
[accessed 11 September 2011] Speaking at the
launch, at the Slave Lodge in the city, Jonathan Lucas of the UN office said Community Safety
MEC Leonard Ramatlakane said the city remained a
"targeted port of entry" by child traffickers, creating "a
major problem". He said the Women Must Expose
Sex-Trafficking Cartels Source:
www.dailynews.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=500&fArticleId=2438880, Date of
publication: 08 March 2005 [accessed 24 June 2013] The 18 women, according
to police, had been locked in a house by the home owner and not allowed to
leave the premises. The women are now receiving counseling before they face
being deported. But the extent of
human trafficking is not limited to women, with children often being the
victims. Edwards said that in The Cost Of Human
Trafficking South African Press Association SAPA, www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/The-cost-of-human-trafficking-20050216 [accessed 23 December 2010] It costs
R50 000 a head to move people between certain countries, a witness said
in a Johannesburg High Court murder trial that involved allegations of
"human trafficking". This was said by Ali Tarssawari,
who turned State witness after having been in the dock for allegedly trying
to cover up the execution-style murder of Mozambican immigrant Fatima Momade and her daughter, Nazia,
11. He said this fee related to two Pakistanis who were "moved"
from Tutu calls for
child registration BBC News, 22 February 2005 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4289393.stm [accessed 23 December 2010] In Yazeed Kamaldien, Inter Press
Service News Agency IPS, ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=27772 [accessed 23 December 2010] www.ipsnews.net/2005/03/intl-womens-day-south-africa-linked-in-the-global-human-trafficking/ [accessed 25 February 2019] Human trafficking, particularly
of women and children, in South Africa is not slowing down while the
country’s government has not yet implemented legislation recognising
this vicious flesh trade as a crime. With legislation, activists like Vanessa
Anthony, a researcher and counsellor with child rights non-governmental organisation, Molo Songololo, can see justice for the victims she deals
with. Anthony says it recently ‘’took eight years to jail a man who
kidnapped, gang-raped and exploited girls as young as 13’’. Counter-Trafficking
Information Campaign in humantrafficking.org, News & Updates, March 2005 www.humantrafficking.org/updates/198 [accessed 23 December 2010] As part of its
Southern African Counter-Trafficking Programme
(SACTAP), the IOM office for All posters feature
IOM's national 24-hour toll-free telephone helpline 0800 555 999, which was set up in August 2004 to encourage
members of the public to report known or suspected cases of sex-trafficking
and to inform victims in South Africa that they can seek help. FORGOTTEN SCHOOLS:
Right to Basic Education for Children on Farms in Human Rights Watch, 2 JUNE 2004 www.hrw.org/en/reports/2004/06/02/forgotten-schools [accessed 23 December 2010] The government
faces enormous challenges in attempting to protect the rights of those living
in remote rural areas, particularly the right of children living on
commercial farms to education. The present government has inherited a
situation where a child may have to endure long journeys on foot, be unable
to meet schools fees or pay for a school uniform. All these needs create a
burden on the child and parent(s). The South African
government has inherited an education system in rural areas based on racial,
social and economic inequalities. Through the 1996 constitution and the
ratification of international human rights law pertaining to children’s
rights to education, the government is obliged to protect the right to an
education. Children living on farms have the right to receive an education
freely and in an environment conducive to learning. U.N. Integrated Regional Information Networks IRIN, www.irinnews.org/report/51758/south-africa-caution-urged-over-new-human-trafficking-laws [accessed 9 March 2015] EXTENT OF THE
PROBLEM NOT KNOWN
- According to the Geneva-based International Organisation
for Migration (IOM), However, Ted
Leggett, a researcher with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), recently
questioned the benefit of promulgating new anti-trafficking legislation. In
an ISS article titled, 'The Risks of Human Trafficking Legislation', Leggett
argued that the extent of trafficking in Commenting on the
unverified need for additional legislation, Leggett noted that "the
bottom line is that virtually everything that is part of trafficking is
already illegal, and simply generating more legislation is unlikely to revolutionise the situation". He suggested that
"no policy decision should be taken in this area without further
research". Sexual abuse of
young children in southern Africa Higson-Smith, C.
& Richter, L. (2004) Commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking of
children. In Sexual abuse of young children in southern Africa, At one time this article
had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 11
September 2011] In this chapter the
authors argue that both commercial sexual exploitation if
children and trafficking in children are significant and growing problems in
southern 38 000 child
prostitutes in SA South African Press Association SAPA, www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/38-000-child-prostitutes-in-SA-20040511 [accessed 23 December 2010] Human Trafficking
Stretches Across the Region Moyiga Nduru,
Benoni SA, Inter Press Service News Agency IPS,
June 23, 2004 www.ipsnews.net/africa/interna.asp?idnews=24338 [accessed 19
February 2011] www.ipsnews.net/2004/06/rights-southern-africa-human-trafficking-stretches-across-the-region/ [accessed 22
September 2016] IOM official Jonathan
Martens told a three-day conference which opened in Benoni,
near South Africa's main commercial city of Johannesburg, this week (Jun. 22)
that the women are promised employment, luxury accommodation, and a payment
of between 10,000 and 20,000 dollars. Their passports are confiscated once
they arrive in Martens said South
African traffickers earn around 500 dollars for every woman recruited for
prostitution in A 23-year-old woman
identified as Nicola reported to the IOM that she had met nine other black,
white and mixed race South Africans aged 18 to 21 in U.N. Integrated
Regional Information Networks IRIN, Johannesburg, 23 June 2004 www.irinnews.org/report/50363/southern-africa-south-africa-regional-centre-for-human-trafficking [accessed 9 March
2015] Mozambican women
are recruited either through a "passive" or an "active"
method by organised groups or minibus-taxi
operators. The passive method targets female passengers already en route to "The women
stay in transit houses along Initiative to fight
human trafficking to be launched U.N. Integrated
Regional Information Networks IRIN, Johannesburg, 18 Jun 2004 www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=50302 [accessed 25 April
2012] An initiative to
build collaboration between government and NGOs to fight human trafficking
will be launched at a conference in The The global
coalition will also release video footage documenting sex tourism in U.N. Integrated
Regional Information Networks IRIN, Johannesburg, 23 April 2004 [accessed 9 March
2015] The women and
children are either sexually exploited, used as labour
or their organs are harvested. While poverty has been recognised
as the most "visible cause for trafficking human beings ... another
strong determinant is the particular vulnerability of women and children,
which makes them an easy target for traffickers". Patterns of
oppression, discrimination, social and cultural prejudices, and the
prevalence of gender violence put children and women at greater risk and
ensures the flourishing of the trafficking trade. U.N. Integrated Regional Information Networks IRIN, www.irinnews.org/report/50347/southern-africa-conference-on-human-trafficking-opens [accessed 9 March 2015] "I am young -
but up here is old," says an 11-year-old girl working as a prostitute in
Cape Town, pointing to her head - one of many images in hard-hitting footage
on the sex industry, screened at the opening of a conference on human
trafficking in South Africa on Tuesday. A pimp in Cape
Town, South Africa's tourism capital, who supplies eight- to 11-year-olds to
sex tourists mainly from the US, Britain and Japan, commented in the film
that children are sometimes tied with barbed wire and told to perform sexual
acts on adults. The footage was shot
by the global coalition of NGOs. According to the South Africa-based child
rights' activist organisation, Molo
Songololo, 25 percent of prostitutes in While the film
alleged that child prostitution in The country's
attractive 40 000 child
prostitutes - Street children vulnerable to sex trade A. Bolowana, 2004 www.themercury.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=283&fArticleId=2198903 [access date
unavailable] About 40 000 children
in South Africa are involved in child prostitution and the figures are rising
as more and more children are driven from their homes because of poverty,
neglect and abuse. The child prostitutes - all under the age of 18 - are
among 400 000 child labourers in the country,
according to the Network Against Child Labour. Once
on the streets, children are vulnerable to a booming sex trade and
trafficking. Seduction,
Sale & Slavery: Trafficking In Women & Children For Sexual
Exploitation In Jonathan Martens, Maciej ‘Mac’ Pieczkowski,
Bernadette van Vuuren-Smyth, International
Organization for Migration (IOM) Regional Office for Southern Africa, www.unicef.org.mz/cpd/references/40-TraffickingReport3rdEd.pdf [accessed 25 April
2012] [accessed 28
September 2016] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - The major
findings may be summarized as follows: Refugees are both victims
and perpetrators of trafficking to Concluding Observations
of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 28 January
2000 www1.umn.edu/humanrts/crc/southafrica2000.html [accessed 23 December 2010] [26] While the
Committee notes that the Child Care Act (1996) provides for the regulation of
adoptions, it is concerned at the lack of monitoring with respect to both
domestic and inter-country adoptions as well as the widespread practice of
informal adoptions within the State party. The Committee is also concerned at
the inadequate legislation, policies and institutions to regulate
inter-country adoptions. [40] The Committee
notes the efforts of the State party to address the situation of the sale,
trafficking and abduction of children, including the adoption of the Hague
Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, into domestic
legislation. However, the Committee is concerned about the increasing
incidence of sale and trafficking of children, particularly girls, and the
lack of adequate measures to enforce legislative guarantees and to prevent
and combat this phenomenon. Human Rights
Overview by Human
Rights Watch – Defending Human Rights Worldwide Human Rights Watch www.hrw.org/africa/south-africa [accessed 23 December 2010] ***
EARLIER EDITIONS OF SOME OF THE ABOVE *** Human Rights
Reports » 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices U.S. Dept of State Bureau of
Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 8, 2006 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61593.htm [accessed 11 February 2020] TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS
– The country was a destination, transit, and point of origin for the
trafficking of persons, including children, from other countries in Africa,
Asia, and The extent of
trafficking operations was unknown, but the International Organization for
Migration (IOM) reported there were 12 major routes for trafficking
operations, including Southern Africa, Asia, and Trafficked women
and children who worked in the sex industry often lived with other trafficked
victims in segregated areas; were frequently under constant surveillance;
usually had no money or identifying documents; were often indebted to the
agents who arranged their travel; often worked long hours, in some cases up
to 18 hours each day, on weekends, and when ill; and sometimes were fined by
their trafficker for infractions of strict rules. Young men trafficked for
forced agricultural labor often were subjected to
violence and food rationing. In most cases traffickers
lured women with promises of employment, marriage, or educational
opportunities abroad. Traffickers often lured the children of poor families
with promises of jobs, education, or a better way of life. Victims, who could
be kidnapped or forced to follow their traffickers, were subjected to threats
of violence, withholding of documents, and debt bondage to ensure compliance. The Department of Labor’s 2004 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2004/south-africa.htm [accessed 23 December 2010] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL
Worst Forms of Child Labor INCIDENCE
AND NATURE OF CHILD LABOR - There are reports that child prostitution is
increasing. There have been reports that some cities are becoming
destinations for tourists seeking sex with minors. South Africa is an origin,
transit, and destination country for children trafficked for the purpose of
commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. Children are reportedly
trafficked from All material
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