Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery Poverty drives the unsuspecting poor into the
hands of traffickers Published
reports & articles from 2000 to 2025 gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Israel.htm
Israel is a
destination country for men and women trafficked for the purposes of forced
labor and sexual exploitation. Low-skilled workers from China, Romania,
Turkey, Thailand, the Philippines, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and India migrate
voluntarily and legally to Israel for contract labor in the construction,
agriculture, and health care industries. Some, however, subsequently face
conditions of forced labor, including the unlawful withholding of passports,
restrictions on movement, non-payment of wages, threats, and physical
intimidation. - U.S. State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report, June, 2009 Check
out a later country report here or a
full TIP Report here |
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CAUTION: The following
links have been culled from the web to illuminate the situation in
Israel. Some of these links may lead
to websites that present allegations that are unsubstantiated or even
false. No attempt has been made to
validate their authenticity or to verify their content. HOW TO USE THIS WEB-PAGE Students If you are looking
for material to use in a term-paper, you are advised to scan the postings on
this page and others to see which aspects of Human Trafficking are of
particular interest to you. Would you like
to write about Forced-Labor? Debt
Bondage? Prostitution? Forced Begging? Child Soldiers? Sale of Organs? etc. On the other
hand, you might choose to include precursors of trafficking such as poverty and hunger.
There is a lot to the subject of Trafficking.
Scan other countries as well.
Draw comparisons between activity in adjacent countries and/or
regions. Meanwhile, check out some of
the Term-Paper resources that are available
on-line. Teachers Check out some of
the Resources for Teachers attached to this
website. ***
FEATURED ARTICLES *** Women trafficking
to Israel drops sharply Yael Branovsky, Israel News, 11.11.2007 www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3470269,00.html [accessed 14
February 2011] The smuggling of women for prostitution and of drugs from Egypt into Israel has dramatically declined since the IDF has taken over the border nine months ago. The report stated that no women were caught being smuggled into Israel to serve as prostitutes in the last nine months, but head of the shelter for victims of women trafficking in Israel Ruth Davidovich claimed that some 30 women were currently staying at the shelter, and that most of them were smuggled through the Egyptian border. The report stressed that despite Israel's substantial efforts, the border remained volatile, with smugglers becoming more sophisticated and using more technologically advanced methods. When grandma’s
caretaker is a debt slave Simona Weinglass, Times of Israel, 11 February 2016 [accessed 11
February 2016] There are 55,000
foreign caretakers in Israel. Almost all of them arrived as modern-day
indentured servants, owing thousands of dollars to loan sharks and corrupt
employment agents. Is anyone taking care of the caretakers? Very few of the
55,000 Israelis who employ foreign caretakers for their elderly or disabled
loved ones are aware of the debt and threats hanging over the heads of the carers they welcome into their homes. “One hundred
percent of foreign caretakers pay brokers’ fees,” says Idit
Lebovitch, coordinator for migrant caregivers at Kav LaOved, an Israeli NGO that
advocates for foreign workers. These workers
usually earn an Israeli minimum wage of NIS 4,650 a month ($1,198). The
brokers’ fees they are required to pay are several multiples of their monthly
salary. Most of these charges are illegal in Israel. Nonetheless, they are
the norm. Until recently, an
Israeli manpower company was legally permitted to charge a foreign worker a
total of NIS 3,400 in placement fees. Today, they are permitted to charge
employers only NIS 2,000 upon hiring, and an additional NIS 70 per month.
Much of the rest of their earnings, thousands of dollars per worker,
allegedly reaches these manpower companies by illegal means, hand-delivered
in envelopes or sent through wire transfers into offshore bank accounts. Critics charge that
this is a tale of extortion of people who, desperate to earn money for their
families, leave those families, often for years at a time, to provide a vital
service in Israel and are being preyed upon without government protection Peres slams human
trafficking in Israel Ronen Medzini, Israel News, 03.29.2009 www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3694030,00.html [accessed 14
February 2011] "The fact that
this loathsome disease exists in a Jewish state is a disgraceful stain on the
most basic commandments of our legacy," President Shimon Peres said at a
state ceremony honoring activists against human trafficking on Sunday
evening. "There is no
people that sees liberation – the transition from slavery to freedom – as
such a pivotal moment in its history as we do,” said Peres, in reference to
the coming Passover holiday.
"There is nothing more outrageous than the oppression of women
and coercion into prostitution, than taking cruel advantage of people in need
or the abuse of foreign laborers who have no standing or rights." Human trafficking
report: Courts are too lenient Dan Izenberg, Jerusalem Post, Apr. 11, 2007 camgirlnotes.15.forumer.com/index.php?showtopic=393 [accessed 14
February 2011] www.jpost.com/Israel/Human-trafficking-report-Courts-are-too-lenient [accessed 31 January
2018] The Hotline for
Migrant Workers also reported that the courts did not sufficiently exercise
the right to extract compensation from the traffickers for their victims. The
court awarded compensation in only 11 of the 17 trafficking convictions in
2006 for a total of NIS 314,000, which was NIS 18,500 less than the previous
year. The courts also do not make
sufficient use of their powers to fine traffickers or seize their property,
the report stated. Israeli women being
trafficked abroad The Jerusalem Post,
03/13/2007 www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=54550 [accessed 14
February 2011] www.jpost.com/Israel/Israeli-women-being-trafficked-abroad [accessed 11
February 2019] While police have
struggled to cope with the growing problem of human trafficking through Israel, human traffickers
have begun to ship Israeli women to foreign countries, said MK Zehava Gal-On Tuesday. Gal-On also said that the country
is unprepared for this new trend. "There has
long been an active ring of people using Israel as a stopping point in the
trafficking of women from foreign countries to other foreign countries… what
we are seeing now is Israeli women themselves being targeted and shipped to
other places," Gal-On said. ***
GETTING HELP *** The Hotline for
Migrant Workers (HMW) - 03-560-2530 makomisrael.org/blog/hotline-for-migrant-workers/ [accessed 19 August
2014] The Hotline for
Migrant Workers (HMW), established in 1998, is a non-partisan, not for profit
organization, dedicated to (a) promoting the rights of undocumented migrant
workers and refugees and (b) eliminating trafficking in women in Israel. Call
03-560-2530 ***
ARCHIVES *** 2020 Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices: Israel U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor, 30 March 2021 www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/israel-west-bank-and-gaza/
[accessed 11 June
11, 2021] PROHIBITION OF
FORCED OR COMPULSORY LABOR Migrant and Palestinian workers in agriculture and construction and women migrant domestic workers were among the most vulnerable to conditions of forced labor, including bonded labor, domestic servitude, and slavery. NGOs reported some vulnerable workers experienced indicators of forced labor, including the unlawful withholding of passports, restrictions on freedom of movement, limited ability to change employers, nonpayment of wages, exceedingly long working hours, threats, sexual assault, and physical intimidation, partly as a result of lack of adequate government oversight and monitoring. PROHIBITION OF CHILD
LABOR AND MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT The government generally enforced the law and conducted year-round inspections to identify cases of underage employment, with special emphasis on summer and school vacation periods. Penalties for child labor violations were not always commensurate with those for analogous serious crimes. During the year authorities imposed a number of sanctions against employers for child labor infractions, including administrative warnings and fines. Freedom House
Country Report 2020 Edition freedomhouse.org/country/israel/freedom-world/2020 [accessed 28 April
2020] G4. DO INDIVIDUALS
ENJOY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND FREEDOM FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION? Israel remains a destination for human-trafficking victims, and African migrants and asylum seekers residing in the country are especially vulnerable to forced labor and sex trafficking. The government works actively to combat trafficking and protect victims. Israel’s roughly 88,000 legal foreign workers are formally protected from exploitation by employers, but these guarantees are poorly enforced. About 18,000 foreigners work in the country illegally. Histadrut has opened membership to foreign workers and called on employers to grant them equal rights. Discrimination against and exploitation of Palestinians from the occupied territories working in Israel remains commonplace. Israel Put Up Women
For Sale In A Bid To Curb Female Trafficking VR Sreeraman, Medindia Health
Network, October 24, 2010 www.medindia.net/news/Isreal-Put-Up-Women-For-Sale-In-A-Bid-To-Curb-Female-Trafficking-75762-1.htm
[accessed 14
February 2011] In a bid to draw attention
to female trafficking in Tel Aviv, Israel, around fifteen women were put up
for sale in a shopping mall of the country. The display, which
had been sponsored by the Israeli Task Force Against Human Trafficking, saw
real women being put on exhibition with price tags ranging from 5,500 dollars
to 11,000 dollars, though the sale was not real. Maya Speer,
attorney and human rights activist, pretended to be "Sophia", and
wore makeup that made her look like she had a black eye to highlight the
cruelty that trafficking also generates towards women. Police arrest 12 in
raid on Israel's largest human-trafficking ring Yuval Goren, Haaretz, 09.03.2009 [accessed 14
February 2011] At the end of a
two-year international investigation, 12 Israelis were arrested yesterday
along with over 20 suspects in several other countries. The investigation
was assisted in large part by a former criminal, who was recruited as an undercover
agent and infiltrated the trafficking ring on the police's behalf. He
recorded dozens of conversations among the suspected gang members, including
some in which Saban allegedly ordered physical
violence against, and even murder of, women who refused to work as
prostitutes. The gang allegedly
recruited thousands of women from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and
Uzbekistan by promising them work in Israel as waitresses or dancers. The
women were then flown to Egypt, and from there they were smuggled across the
border by Bedouin. Trafficking and
Forced Prostitution of Palestinian Women and Girls: Forms of Modern Day
Slavery
[PDF] Sawa, June 2008 www.refworld.org/pdfid/4bcc13862.pdf [accessed 1 February
2018] INTRODUCTION -- In the oPt,
although the information about the topic is very scarce and it is still
considered as taboo within the Palestinian society, the problem is not
completely new and the deteriorating political and ensuing socio-economic
situation may be contributing to its rise. For the first time, people have
chosen to break the silence and speak out and this briefing paper can be seen
as a first step to start answering the need for protecting women and girls
victims of trafficking and forced prostitution in the oPt. A SMALL SCALE
ACTIVITY -- despite the fact that trafficking and prostitution constitute
illegal activities in the oPt, reality shows that
they exist and that they appear to operate informally on a small-scale basis
rather than as a sophisticated and organized activity. Based on the cases
identified by this study, girls and women are being facilitated through
escort services, brothels in hotels, rented houses, private apartments and
even house cleaning companies. There exist many of these locations though
they differ in modus operandi, structure and management. Rescued: Jewish
Mom, 8 Children, After 17 Years as Muslims Ze'ev Ben-Yechiel, Arutz Sheva Israel National News, 07/18/2008 www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/126886 [accessed 14
February 2011] After a 17-year
captivity to an abusive Muslim husband, a Jewish mother and her eight
children were rescued Sunday from the Muslim quarter of Jerusalem's Old
City. Yad L'Achim,
an organization dedicated to solving problems of this type, freed Naama [not her real name] from imprisonment in her own
home and almost two decades of fear, shame and violence. Seizing a window of
opportunity – her husband was in prison and his brother under house arrest –
her liberators wove through the narrow alleyways of the Muslim Quarter to
deliver her to safety. Jewish Wives Are
Arab Husbands' Prey Mayaan Jaffe, Arutz Sheva Israel National
News, 11/22/2004 www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/4455 [accessed 14
February 2011] The stories of pain
and torture chill every bone in my body. Trembling, I sit before half-a-dozen
women in the Lev L'Achim rehabilitation center for
battered women, learning about how they lost their independence, lost their
happiness, lost their lives. These women have been rescued from the misery of
life in their husbands' Arab villages. "I Was Silent
and I Was Alone" - First in a Series Mayaan Jaffe, Arutz Sheva Israel National
News, 11/18/2004 www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/72281 [accessed 14
February 2011] "If you
complained you were beaten," Esther weeps. "He would yell and then
he would hit. If I said something to make him angry: beating. If a neighbor
looked at me the wrong way: beating. If I opened the door for a male
neighbor: beating. If I didn't do something or prepare something the way he
wanted: beating. There was no speaking. There was no help with the children.
If the children were sick: nothing. I was alone. I was silent and I was alone." He told her he
couldn’t make it financially and that they would have to move to his Arab
village over the Green Line. Several children and hundreds of bruises later,
Esther knew it was time to go. She says she did an accounting of her life,
looked at how she and her children were living and knew she must escape
before it was too late. ´He Was Taking Over
My Mind´ ? Second in a Series Mayaan Jaffe, Arutz Sheva Israel National
News, 11/23/2004 www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/72500 [accessed 14
February 2011] "There was
always violence, always humiliation" says Miriam [not her real name],
who spent 12 years with a Palestinian-Arab, the last four in his village over
the Green Line in southern Israel. "First he would hit me with his
hands. Then he moved on to using small objects, and finally iron rods and a
metal rake. He broke all of my teeth with the rake and then refused to give
me any medical attention." When Israeli Women
Marry Arab Men: Third in a Series Mayaan Jaffe, Arutz Sheva Israel National
News, 12/01/2004 www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/72865 [accessed 14
February 2011] www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/72926 [accessed 31 January
2018] Aliza met her Arab
lover via the internet, and like most girls in her situation, she was
promised the world in exchange for a Muslim conversion and a marriage
license. Less than one year later, she was left beaten and betrayed. Almost a
statistic, Aliza spent all the money she had ($250) to take a cab to the Erez Crossing, and with the help of the rescue organization
of Lev L'Achim, she reentered Israel proper and
left her life in the Arab "prison" behind. She immediately
relocated to America for safety reasons, where she continues to undergo
psychological treatment, attempts to obtain a divorce from the Muslim court,
and puts her affairs in order. Two Haifa men
sentenced to jail for organ trafficking Fadi Eyadat,
Haaretz, 17.12.2007 www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/two-haifa-men-sentenced-to-jail-for-organ-trafficking-1.235355 [accessed 14
February 2011] In a
precedent-setting ruling yesterday the Haifa District Court yesterday
sentenced two Haifa men to jail for trafficking in humans for the purpose of
harvesting their organs. Allan and Zakhalka admitted that at the end of 2006, they persuaded
Arabs from the Galilee and central Israel who were developmentally challenged
or mentally ill to agree to have a kidney removed for payment. They located
their victims by placing ads in the newspaper offering money for organ
donation. According to the indictment, the pair gave false information to the
donors, and also pressured and threatened them to give up their kidney. After
the surgery, Allan and Zakhalka did not pay the
donors as promised. Allan and Zakhalka were part of a criminal ring that included an
Israeli surgeon, Dr. Michael Zis, who also worked
at Assaf Harofeh Medical
Center. According to the indictment, Zis sold the
kidneys he harvested for between $125,000 and $135,000, of which Allan
received $10,000 dollars. The State Prosecutor's Office is preparing an
extradition order against Zis, who is being held in
prison in Ukraine. Combating human
trafficking Tova Ztimuki,
Israel Activism, 11.30.2007 www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3477492,00.html [accessed 14
February 2011] The plan calls for providing
housing solutions to victims; establishment of a rehab facility for victims
who suffer psychosocial and medical problems; employment services and
translation services. Medical services will be provided by the Ministry of
Health in conjunction with the Ministry of Social Services. The Social
Services. Ministry will allocate NIS 4.2 million ($1.1 million) to fund the
plan. The project's initiators said
that the motivation is strictly humanitarian: "the victims of human
trafficking, slavery or prostitution in Israel deserve protection and
care." NGOs warn against
plan to increase Russian visas Ruth Eglash, The Jerusalem Post, Oct 23, 2007 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 6
September 2011] However, Russia is considered
a transit destination for trafficking operations, with many men, women and
children from neighboring countries arriving there before being transported
elsewhere. Egypt has no visa
requirements for Russian visitors, and its border with Israel is considered
to be a main entry point for human traffickers. A spokesman for Aharonovitch told the Post zthat
the minister was aware of the problems of human trafficking in Israel and
that the issue needed to be tackled; however, he added that there was little
connection between the trafficking and the cancellation of visa requirements
for Russian visitors. He also said
that the number of women arriving from Russia was much lower than those from
other countries and that countries with border policies stricter than
Israel's still had to contend with women and men being smuggled in for
illegal work purposes. Shelter tries to
rehabilitate victims of human trafficking UN Integrated
Regional Information Networks IRIN, Tel Aviv, 5 September 2007 www.irinnews.org/report/74117/israel-shelter-tries-to-rehabilitate-victims-of-human-trafficking [accessed 9 March
2015] Foreign women who are
victims of trafficking can now get support at a special shelter - the Maagan shelter - in Tel Aviv dedicated to cater for their
needs. In 2002 the Israeli government,
in an attempt to encourage these women to testify against the people who
bought and sold them, decided to offer them work visas in return for sworn
statements detailing their tribulations. The visas run until one year after
the end of their trials. Women protest Ha'aretz sex ads The Jerusalem Post,
08/16/2007 www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=72343 [accessed 14
February 2011] www.jpost.com/Israel/Women-protest-Haaretz-sex-ads [accessed 31 January
2018] TFHT filed a report
in June demanding an investigation into the paper and its owner, Amos Schoken. The advertisements in question offer the
services of prostitutes, while other ads call for women to work in
prostitution in Israel or abroad.
According to TFHT head Roni Aloni Sedovnik, advertisements related to prostitution are far
more expensive than standard ads and therefore could not be the initiative of
prostitutes advertising privately. The ads could only be funded by wealthy
organized crime syndicates, she maintained. Freedom of
expression, Sedovnik said, "is subservient to
a person's right not to be enslaved ... By giving a stage to pimps and other
human traffickers, [the paper is allowing] organized and efficient trading in
trafficking victims." The ads "make the paper complicit in the
crime," she added. Israel's fight
against sex trafficking Raffi Berg, BBC
News, Jerusalem, 6 November 2007 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7070929.stm [accessed 14
February 2011] CHANGING TACTICS - Campaigners say
things began to change for the better in 2004, when the government opened a
shelter in north Tel Aviv for women who had been trafficked for sex. It marked a change in the way the state
perceived them - as victims of a crime rather than accomplices. There are some 30 women at the Maggan shelter - most from former Soviet states, but also
five from China. Police say their
actions have led to a significant drop in the number of women now being trafficked
into Israel for sex. Ukrainian national
says employer raped her, confiscated passport Tamara Traubmann, Haaretz, 13.08.07 [accessed 14
February 2011] Two years ago, S.,
47, came from Ukraine to work as a domestic in the home of an Israeli
businessman. The employment company abroad that contracted her told her she
had "nothing to worry about," with respect to her new boss.
However, according to S., her employer - a resident of a wealthy Tel Aviv
suburb, who works at a foreign consulate in Israel - withheld most of her
salary, took her passport, did not let her leave the house unless he was with
her, and raped her. In many cases, S. says, her employer's friends who came
to dinner or parties sexually molested her, and one of them also raped her. Today, the police, who
are concluding their investigation of S.'s charges, are arranging a
confrontation between the suspect, who has denied any wrongdoing, and the
alleged victim. According to the suspect's lawyer, Yehoshua
Resnick, S. made up the whole story to avoid deportation. Eight Israelis
charged with trafficking human organs Russia Today RT, 24
July, 2007 rt.com/news/eight-israelis-charged-with-trafficking-human-organs/ [accessed 14
February 2011] Israeli police have
broken up an organ transplanting ring that persuaded dozens of Israelis to
have their kidneys removed in Ukraine. But, because Israeli law does not
explicitly forbid the trafficking of organs, police may have to release the
suspects. It’s not difficult
to become an organ donor. Ads have appeared in both the Russian and Arabic
press. Dozens of people are believed to have been duped into donating their
body organs. We are co-operating with
the Ukrainian justice system. In Ukraine and Israel, there is no law that a
person cannot sell body organs. But what police are charging is that they
were trafficking organs, which is illegal,” said Lizzy Troend,
defence lawyer.
Israel allows transplants from relatives or anonymous donors, but the
law forbids anyone to buy organs. - IsUkr Sex slavery:
Israel’s low but thriving trade Emma Sabry www.esinislam.com/Articles_And_Essays/Emma_Sabry/Emma_Sabry_15.htm [accessed 14
February 2011] Rachel Benziman the legal advisor to the Israeli Women’s network
backed up Menuhin’s words by explaining how difficult it is to find
witnesses. “It's not a problem of finding the right section in the criminal
code. It is more a problem of finding the women who will testify and finding
the motivation”, Benziman said, according to
Reuters. What’s more
shocking is that, since 1994, no single woman has testified against any
trafficker. Many say this could be attributed to the fact that although women
are the victims here, trafficked women are the ones usually arrested as
illegal workers, while the men who brought them to Israel, who are usually
Israeli, are not. Virtual pimps may
pay the price Ofri Ilani,
Haaretz, 03.07.2007 www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/virtual-pimps-may-pay-the-price-1.224659 [accessed 14
February 2011] www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/1.4949087 [accessed 1 February
2018] In December 2000,
Zohar set up the Escort Plus Web site, which featured the details of women
who could be ordered for paid sex. Zohar received a commission on every order
from the site, which was deducted from the fee paid by the clients. The enterprise,
however, did not end there. In 2001 Zohar began traveling to European
countries to hire young women. He housed them in apartments in Israel and
"marketed" them via the Web site. The indictment details how he
purchased two Ukrainian women from a man named Igor, and two Moldavian women
from a man named Pasha. U.S Orthodox rabbis
urge Israel to crack down on human trafficking Haaretz, 31.05.2007 www.haaretz.com/news/u-s-orthodox-rabbis-urge-israel-to-crack-down-on-human-trafficking-1.221892 [accessed 14
February 2011] A prominent
organization of U.S. Orthodox rabbis has called on Israeli authorities to
step up their fight against trafficking in women, urging "action to put
an end to this shameful practice by whatever legal means necessary." The statement of
the Rabbinical Council of America, the rabbinic authority of the Orthodox
Union and a partner organization of Israel's Chief Rabbinate, cited Knesset
statistics reporting that "some 3000-5000 women in Israel are currently
enslaved, in violation of Israeli law, as prostitutes as a result of human
trafficking." The RCA stated that
it was taking the position, in part, because "Judaism affirms the right
of each individual to a life of personal freedom, dignity and a duty of
national holiness, particularly regarding sexual conduct" and because
"our Torah stresses no less than 36 times the overarching importance of
treating the stranger with compassion and kindness." The group also
noted that Israel's Declaration of Independence emphasized that the state
"will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the
prophets of Israel. Brothel owner
sentenced to five years in jail for human trafficking Fadi Eyadat
and Ruth Sinai, Haaretz, 06.05.2007 www.haaretz.com/news/brothel-owner-sentenced-to-five-years-in-jail-for-human-trafficking-1.219862 [accessed 14
February 2011] In 2002 Reizin, who was the owner of a Haifa brothel, reached an
agreement with the owner of an Acre brothel to sell him a prostitute in
return for a part of his establishment's profits. Reizin
later sold the Acre brothel two more women for $10,000. The women were forcibely held and required to have intercourse with some
25 clients a day. They were paid NIS 50 daily. In November 2002 they managed
to escape. National Geographic
Slave to Bias Chana Shavelson, Committee for Accuracy in Middle East
Reporting in America CAMERA, October 3, 2003 www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=6&x_article=560 [accessed 14
February 2011] National Geographic’s September 2003
article by Andrew Cockburn entitled “21st Century Slaves” fails to mention
the world’s leading human-rights and slave-trafficking offender, Sudan, while
unfairly highlighting with a double-page photograph Israel’s relatively
insignificant prostitution rings. Though forced
prostitution in Israel is a grave problem, its scale compared to the
extensive abuses elsewhere hardly merits the attention National Geographic
gives it. By contrast, the omission of Sudan, a country that has enslaved and
exploited an entire people in its southern region, is inexplicable. Unlike the other
countries discussed in the article, with the exception of the United States,
Israel has significant anti-prostitution legislation it enforces Analysis: Israel
has stepped up the fight against human trafficking Dan Izenberg, The Jerusalem Post, 03/13/2007 www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=54551 [accessed 23 April
2012] www.jpost.com/Israel/Analysis-Israel-has-stepped-up-the-fight-against-human-trafficking [accessed 1 February
2018] Gershuni's office researches
matters related to human trafficking, represents
Israel in international forums dealing with the problem and is now waiting
for the chance to get the state to prosecute traffickers according to the new
legislation. Until now, there have been a fair number of indictments and
convictions in trafficking for the purposes of prostitution, but none
regarding the new forms of slavery recognized by the recent legislation. "Our first
cases must be extreme, so that they will guarantee convictions," she
told the Post, adding that the courts will have to learn to discern between
slavery indictments and lesser charges of work exploitation. Government drafts
national plan for combating human trafficking Ruth Sinai, Haaretz, 21.02.2007 www.haaretz.com/news/government-drafts-national-plan-for-combating-human-trafficking-1.213575 [accessed 14
February 2011] The government has
drafted a national plan for combating human trafficking for the purposes of
slavery and coercion, including steps in the areas of enforcement,
prevention, and protection. The purpose of the
plan is to eliminate the phenomena of holding migrant workers in slavery
conditions, through forced labor, coercing them to provide sexual services or
collecting large sums of money from workers. Israel hosts human
trafficking seminar Israel Today
Magazine, December 14, 2006 www.israeltoday.co.il/default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=10702 [accessed 14
February 2011] In October, the
Knesset (Israeli parliament) passed a bill banning human trafficking for the
purpose of prostitution and forced labor. “We are talking
about an innovative and revolutionary law, which deals harshly with
traffickers of people and body parts,” said Zahava Gal-on,
member of Knesset. “The law will provide law enforcement officers better
tools to combat the phenomenon.” There are an
estimated 3,000 women in Israel, according to Amnesty International, involved
in trafficking rings and Israel wants to help these women, many of whom are
victims of extreme violence. Knesset passes
human trafficking bill The Jerusalem Post,
10/18/2006 www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=38223 [accessed 14
February 2011] www.jpost.com/Israel/Knesset-passes-human-trafficking-bill [accessed 1 February
2018] In a unanimous vote
Tuesday night, the Knesset approved a law to strengthen and broaden laws
against human trafficking. The bill,
which was drafted by MK Zehava Gal-On (Meretz) and
supported by the government, increases the time served for involvement in
human trafficking to 16-20 years. It also broadens the definition of
trafficking in men, women and children. Gov't, NGOs still
find time to fight against human trafficking Ruth Eglash, The Jerusalem Post, 07/30/2006 www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=29919 [accessed 23 April
2012] www.jpost.com/Israel/Govt-NGOs-still-find-time-to-fight-against-human-trafficking [accessed 1 February
2018] Despite the current
war on the home front, government officials and representatives of the US
Embassy and the US State Department took time out of their busy schedules
last week to discuss practical recommendations for how to address sex
trafficking and labor trafficking in the country. 3 arrested on
suspicion of human trafficking The Jerusalem Post,
06/06/2006 www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=23993 [accessed 23 April
2012] Tel Aviv Police
succeeded in tracing the steps of the group after spotting a notice published
in a Russian language newspaper advertising employment in Canada for
"young, beautiful girls." Israel among worst
human traffickers Ruth Eglash, The Jerusalem Post, Apr 25, 2006 www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=19974 [accessed 23 April
2012] www.jpost.com/Israel/Israel-among-worst-human-traffickers [accessed 1 February
2018] Tal Eisenberg, the
organization's legal advisor and coordinator for the center's Fighting Against
Trafficking in Women project told The Jerusalem Post, "It is excellent
that the United Nations has recognized that there is such a problem in
Israel. I hope that we can learn from the report and that the government will
now take more notice of the problem." She said that many countries did
not even know that trafficking takes place within their borders and that
Israeli rights organizations had made great progress in combating the
problem. Meet Svetlana Arik Diamant, Israel Opinion, 03.08.2006 www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3225396,00.html [accessed 14
February 2011] But perhaps in
honor of International Women's Day, let me introduce the woman you'll have
such a good time with tonight. Here's 10 things you never knew about her. 1. Her name is
Svetlana. Like most whores, she's from Eastern Europe. She's 22-years-old. 2. Misha,
Svetlana's boss, bought her for 5,000 dollars from an Egyptian Mafioso who
smuggled her across the border tied to a camel after he and his friends
"checked her out" to see if she was worth the effort. Women leaders
gather in Israel to combat crime of trafficking Roberta Neiger, Israel21c, November 13, 2005 www.israel21c.org/social-action/women-leaders-gather-in-israel-to-combat-crime-of-trafficking [accessed 14
February 2011] "The committee set itself a goal to serve as watchdog over the authorities and has compelled the state to act in accordance with international standards," said Gal-On. "Today women are treated as victims of a crime, and as people whose human rights have been breached. Those who traffic and pimp in the bodies of women are treated severely." Art exhibit takes
behind scenes look at Israeli sex trade Talya Halkin,
The Jerusalem Post, Sep 8,
2005 [URL has been lost]
… sorry] [accessed 16 March
2011] The distressed
expression on the face of an anonymous woman peering out from behind a barred
window in a Tel Aviv building triggered curator Revital
Ben-Asher Peretz to launch her own private
investigation behind the scenes of the Israeli sex trade. Trafficking in
Israel Task Force on Human
Trafficking atzum.org/projects/task-force-on-human-trafficking/about-human-trafficking/ [accessed 19 August
2014] Israel is a
destination country for human trafficking. Women and children are brought
into the country every year to be exploited as modern day slaves. Rates of human
trafficking in Israel are alarmingly high though the exact extent is not
known. Nearly all of the trafficking victims in Israel come from the former
Soviet Union . Most victims enter the country through Israel ’s border with
Egypt . Once in Israel , victims are often sold and resold to pimps and
brothel owners who force them to work in slave-like conditions. At every
stage in the process, the victims are abused and exploited, often suffering
severe beatings, rape and even starvation. Israel has made
limited progress in the fight against human trafficking but more can and must
be done. Significant resources must be dedicated to combating trafficking in
Israel in the areas of prevention, protection, and prosecution. Bad Traffic Jerusalem Post,
September 5, 2005 tfht.org/bad-traffic/ [accessed 14
February 2011] With approximately one million visits to prostitutes each month, the Israeli sex "industry" generates an estimated billion dollars a year, Gal-On reveals. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon declared last month that this "despicable phenomenon completely contradicts Jewish tradition and the values of dignity." Yet, despite repeated criticism by the State Department and human rights organizations, Israel has not established a central authority to cope with the problem. With approximately
one million visits to prostitutes each month, the Israeli sex
"industry" generates an estimated billion dollars a year, Gal-On
reveals. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon
declared last month that this "despicable phenomenon completely
contradicts Jewish tradition and the values of dignity." Yet, despite repeated criticism by the State
Department and human rights organizations, Israel has not established a
central authority to cope with the problem. Subject:
Israel & International - August 16 - Moment of Silence for Trafficking
Victims; International Day Against Trafficking lists.whathelps.com/wa.exe?A2=ind0508b&L=wunrn_listserve&D=0&F=P&T=0&P=2502 [access date
unavailable] On August 16, it
will be five years since two trafficking victims from the former Soviet Union
were burned to death in a brothel in Tel Aviv. The tragedy occurred because
the women were locked in the house and had no way out, which is common in the
trafficking business. There are also three other known cases of deaths of
trafficking victims in Israel: one woman from Ukraine and two others from
Russia. In memory of the harrowing event that took place on August 16, 2000,
the Israeli Coalition Against Trafficking in Women has proposed to proclaim
this date as the International Memorial Day for Trafficking Victims. Briefing to the
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women - June 2005 33rd Session of the
UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW
Committee), 5-21 July 2005: Comments by Amnesty International on the
compliance by Israel with its obligations under the United Nations Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/037/2005/en/e51798ab-d4de-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/mde150372005en.html [Last accessed 30
August 2011] www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/037/2005/en/ [accessed 1 February
2018] TRAFFICKING
IN HUMAN BEINGS (ARTICLE 6) - Amnesty International published a report on the
trafficking of women into Israel's sex industry in 2000. Trafficking of women for forced
prostitution has occurred over a number of years but appears to have been
compounded in the past 15 years by several factors, including increased links
between traffickers in Israel and former Soviet republics, in the wake of the
large wave of immigration of citizens of these countries to Israel, following
of the break-up of the Soviet Union.
These combined factors seemingly resulted in an increase in the
vulnerability of women from this region to trafficking, and in an increase in
the demand for such sex workers in Israel. Trafficking in
Persons for the Purpose of Prostitution: The Israeli Experience Rochelle Gershuni, Mediterranean Quarterly - Volume 15, Number 4,
Fall 2004, pp. 133-146 muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/mediterranean_quarterly/v015/15.4gershuni.pdf [accessed 19 August
2014] THE CHANGE IN ATTITUDE TOWARD TRAFFICKING - With time, as the phenomenon became more prevalent, and its distinguishing characteristics were identified, the attitude changed. Law enforcement agencies began to focus on trafficking as a serious crime distinct from prostitution offenses, and victims began to be viewed first and foremost as victims rather than illegal immigrants. As a consequence, a specific trafficking offense was legislated, law enforcement authorities began to initiate investigations, victims were encouraged to testify against traffickers, and courts began to detain traffickers until the conclusion of the criminal trial against them and to mete out more severe sentences. Israel Women
Trafficking Soars BBC News, 24 March,
2005 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4380067.stm [accessed 14
February 2011] Between 3,000 and 5,000 women have been smuggled into Israel in the past four years to work as prostitutes, according to a parliamentary inquiry. The report described how the women are sold at public auctions for as much as $10,000 and forced to work up to 18 hours a day. Russian Girls Eager
To Work Abroad, Despite The Danger Of Sex Trafficking Pravda, 31.03.2005 english.pravda.ru/society/stories/31-03-2005/7977-slaves-0/ [accessed 14
February 2011] It is really
difficult for such girls to escape when they reach Israel; many of them
appeal to the Russian Embassy for help. However, as correspondents of the Novye Izvestia
newspaper learnt in Tel-Aviv, people connected with recruiters of sex slaves
stand close to the Embassy in wait for fugitives and do not let them escape. Interior Min. to
expel 15 prostitutes who testified against pimps Ruth Sinai, Haaretz, February 07, 2005 [accessed 19 August
2014] According to the charge sheet against her procurers, she was sold at a Tel Aviv parking lot to the owner of an escort agency, where she worked without being paid, ostensibly to pay for her travel expenses. The young woman cooperated fully with the police and the prosecution, and provided evidence concerning several suspects. As a result, she has received threats and is scared to return to the Ukraine. She also tried to sue Sholkin in a labor court for not paying her, but withdrew her lawsuit after her family - including her 10-year-old half-brother - was threatened. Sex slavery rife in
Israel Agence France-Presse AFP, Jerusalem, 2005-03-24 www.news24.com/World/News/Sex-slavery-rife-in-Israel-20050324 [accessed 14
February 2011] Thousands of
foreign women have been smuggled into Israel and sold into prostitution,
earning the criminal underworld millions of dollars a year, a parliamentary
investigation has found. US Faults Israel on
Human Trafficking Nina Gilbert, The
Jerusalem Post, June 23, 2004 www.hotline.org.il/english/news/2004/TheJerusalemPost062304.htm [accessed 14
February 2011] The 2004 report was
discussed on Tuesday in the Knesset Committee of Inquiry into Women
Trafficking. Committee chair Zehava Gal-On (Yahad) backed the conclusions of the 2004 report on
treatment of victims, saying that a shelter was opened in February that can
house 50 women, but has taken in only 23 women who are waiting to testify in
sex slavery cases. All the rest of the
women are being held in prisons without any assistance while awaiting
deportation, Gal-On said. Gal-On also
noted that the report found that the Internal Security Ministry has issued
only seven visas to victims, which has forced most of them to go back into
prostitution. National NGOs
report to the annual UN Convention on Human Rights: Evaluation of National
Authorities activities and Actual facts on the Trafficking in Persons for the
purpose of prostitution Nissan Ben Ami &
Leah Gruenpeter Gold, UN Commission on Human
Rights, 60th session, April 2004 www.macom.org.il/todaa-un-2004.asp [accessed 14
February 2011] INTRODUCTION - Legally
speaking, the State of Israel can be considered as an abolitionist country
that signed and ratified the UN Convention of December the 2nd, 1949. Until 2001 in fact, the State of Israel was
leading a policy of laissez-faire that drove to a kind of reglementarism.
Since then a considerable change of attitude of the authorities towards the
phenomenon of Trafficking in women has occured.
Unfortunately prostitution per se is still not perceived as a problem by the
authorities. This situation is also reflected by the attitude of the
media. The tendency is to see
trafficking in women as a serious crime that needs to be erradicated
whereas prostitution, mainly local, is still considered as a victimless
crime. Prostitution in the
Land of the Maccabees: Trafficking in Women in Israel Charlotte Honigman-Smith, SocialAction.com, Jewish Family &
Life! (JFL), February 1, 2008 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 6
September 2011] Today, the
prostitute in Tel Aviv is more likely to be named Olga than Rachel, and she's
not an Israeli, or in Israel legally. She's one of the more than 2,000 to
2,500 women from former Soviet republics brought into Israel by international
traffickers to feed a $450 million-a-year prostitution industry centered
around Tel Aviv. The money paid for her body goes to the man she's been sold
to. Assault and rape are common ways of keeping "employees'"in
line in this business, and the only way a woman will leave Israel's sex
industry is if she comes to the attention of the Israeli authorities who will
deport her, penniless and traumatized, back to Eastern Europe. Human trafficking
in Israel: a "meat market" [DOC] Ellis Shuman, Israelinsider,
August 18, 2004 www.childtrafficking.org/pdf/user/human_trafficking_in_israel.doc [accessed 14
February 2011] Justice Minister
Yosef (Tommy) Lapid said this week that there are
as many as 3,000 prostitutes in Israel today, many of whom have been
"imported" into the country against their will. In a statement
released to mark the fourth annual, locally-organized "Fight Human
Trafficking" day, Lapid wrote that most of the
women were tricked into coming to Israel from their homes in the countries of
the former Soviet Union. The women are no better than slaves to the men who
control them, Lapid said. Many of the women were
recruited by the Russian mafia, transported to Egypt, and then smuggled
across the border into Israel by Bedouins. Israel a Human
Trafficking Haven Fox News, Tel Aviv,
August 18, 2004 www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,129157,00.html [accessed 14
February 2011] www.foxnews.com/story/israel-a-human-trafficking-haven [accessed 11
February 2019] Human trafficking
(search) is turning into a real problem in Israel, where law enforcement
officials say women are bought and sold into the indentured servitude of the
sex industry. The women in question
are usually from the former Soviet Union (search) and are traded by the
Russian mob (search). The same Bedouins who smuggle weapons into Israel bring
the women up through the Egyptian desert, oftentimes with a load of
weapons. "It's a kind of meat
market. It's very brutal — most of this kind of auction," said Gadi Eshed of the Israel
Police. Women As
Commodities: Trafficking in Women in Israel 2003 Nomi Levenkron, San Francisco Independent Media Center, Dec.
22, 2004 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 6
September 2011] In 2001, the USA
stepped up its involvement in fighting the trafficking of women worldwide,
threatening to cut off economic aid to countries failing to combat the
phenomenon within their borders. This threat suddenly became tangible when
Israel was ranked in the group of countries failing to take steps to eradicate
trafficking in women. The U.S. warning succeeded in effecting changes in the
states threatened with sanctions. However, in Israel, the struggle to
eradicate trafficking has barely begun, and most authorities do not live up
to their declared principles. Sometimes their operations amount to no more
than a sham - a case of lip service only. As this report will show, efforts
to combat trafficking in women in Israel are still not proportionate to the
extent of the phenomenon and the gravity of the offense. Fighting the flesh
trade Marion Marrache, The Jerusalem Post, 11-30-2001 www.seekpeace.org/Articles/fleshtrade.shtml [accessed 14
February 2011] theawarenesscenter.blogspot.com/2001/12/fighting-flesh-trade.html [accessed 28 April
2020] [scroll down] According to a
report issued by the International Abolitionist Federation, an estimated
one-fourth of these women are unaware that they will be working in the sex
trade, believing instead they will be employed as waitresses, cooks, au
pairs, models or masseuses. None are prepared for what they eventually
encounter. Most suffer beatings and repeated rape. The women are viewed and
bought at pimping auctions - during which they are forced to undress - at
prices ranging from $4,000 to $10,000. According to
attorney Nomi Levenkron of the Migrant Hotline,
those who fetch the lower prices end up working in the slum area around Tel
Aviv's old central bus station. Their passports are taken from them, and they
are often kept locked up in apartments with barred windows. Report slams Israel
on sex slavery Associated Press AP,
December 8, 2002 www.fpp.co.uk/online/02/12/Globe081202.html [accessed 14
February 2011] About 3,000 women,
mainly from the former Soviet Union, are sold each year into Israel's sex
industry, which takes in about $1-billion (U.S.) annually, a parliamentary
report said Sunday, slamming the country's justice system for being lax on
punishments. The women, seeking to
escape poverty at home, are usually smuggled in by traffickers who promise
them legitimate jobs. Once in Israel, they are sold to pimps for between
$3,000 and $6,000 each, the preliminary report said. Israeli courts
generally reach a plea bargain with the pimps and sentence them to either a
few months of community service or up to an average of two years in prison,
punishments which the committee said are too weak to serve as deterrents. Four die in Tel
Aviv brothel attack Suzanne Goldenberg
in Jerusalem, The Guardian, August 16, 2000 www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/aug/16/israel1 [accessed 11 July 2013] Police in Tel Aviv
are hunting a serial arsonist attacking the city's sex industry after the
horrific death of four women, locked inside a brothel which was set on fire
overnight. The attack, said by social
workers to be the sixth of its kind in a week, added to the debate on the
increasing traffic in women for prostitution by Russian and Israeli gangs,
and the appalling treatment they suffer. Traffickers' New
Cargo: Naive Slavic Women Michael Specter, The
New York Times, Ramle Israel, June 11, 1998 www.brama.com/issues/nytart.html [accessed 14
February 2011] Irina always
assumed that her beauty would somehow rescue her from the poverty and
hopelessness of village life. A few months ago, after answering a vague ad in
a small Ukrainian newspaper, she slipped off a tour boat when it put in at
Haifa, hoping to make a bundle dancing naked on the tops of tables. She was 21, self-assured and glad to be out
of Ukraine. Israel offered a new world, and for a week or two everything
seemed possible. Then, one morning, she was driven to a brothel, where her
boss burned her passport before her eyes. "I own
you," she recalled his saying. "You are my property, and you will
work until you earn your way out. Don't try to leave. You have no papers and
you don't speak Hebrew. You will be arrested and deported. Then we will get
you and bring you back." Europe's sexually
exploited children: coming home United States
Embassy Stockholm, August 27-31, 1996 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 6
September 2011] In 1994 a 16-year
old girl was deported from Israel back to her home country on the grounds
that she was in possession of a false passport. It transpired that she had
been taken to Israel and forced to work as a prostitute in a brothel. During
her stay -- just three weeks -- she served some 200 men and US$3.000 changed
hands. The girl was not from Thailand,
the Philippines or Nepal. She was not from Brazil or Colombia or the
Dominican Republic. She was not from any of the countries which have featured
in the media over the last six years, since ECPAT (End Child Prostitution in
Asian Tourism) first began its pioneering work with media and governments to
put the issue of commercial sexual exploitation of children in Asia onto the
public agenda. The girl was from
Lithuania. She was European. ***
EARLIER EDITIONS OF SOME OF THE ABOVE *** Freedom House
Country Report 2018 Edition freedomhouse.org/country/israel/freedom-world/2018 [accessed 28 April
2020] G4. DO INDIVIDUALS ENJOY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND
FREEDOM FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION? Israel remains a destination for human-trafficking victims, and African migrants and asylum seekers residing in the country are especially vulnerable to forced labor and sex trafficking. The government works actively to combat trafficking and protect victims. Israel’s roughly 77,000 legal foreign workers are formally protected from exploitation by employers, but these guarantees are poorly enforced. About 17,000 foreigners work in the country illegally. Histadrut has opened membership to foreign workers and called on employers to grant them equal rights. Human Rights
Reports » 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor, March 8, 2006 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61690.htm [accessed 9 February
2020] TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS
– The law guarantees foreign laborers legal status, decent working
conditions, health insurance, and a written employment contract; however,
some employers forced individual laborers who entered the country, both
legally and illegally, to live under conditions that constituted trafficking.
While law enforcement agencies have successfully prosecuted employers for
labor law violations, including for violations that were tantamount to
trafficking, they have not severely penalized labor agencies for trafficking
because legislation does not make trafficking illegal if it is for purposes
other than prostitution. There were numerous documented cases of foreign
laborers living in harsh conditions, subjected to debt bondage, and
restricted in their movements. Organized crime
groups trafficked women, primarily from the former
Soviet Union, sometimes luring them by offering service sector jobs. Foreign
workers came mainly from Southeast Asia, East Asia, Africa, Turkey, Eastern
Europe (Romania), and South and Central America. Some traffickers reportedly
sold foreign-origin women to brothels, forced them to live in harsh
conditions, subjected them to beatings and rape, and forced them to pay for
transportation costs and other "debts" through sexual servitude.
According to local NGOs, during the year traffickers brought between one
thousand and three thousand women into the country for prostitution. The
government reported that during the year, 59 trafficked women resided in the
"Maggan" Shelter, and an additional 128
trafficking victims stayed in the detention facilities. The government
estimated that at least 682 more women met the basic criteria to be
classified as cases of trafficking victims even if they did not so admit. In October, 2 NGOs
claimed there were 200 thousand foreign workers in the country and that 20
percent of these workers were trafficking victims. During the year the
Ministry of Industry, Trade, and Labor (ITL) revoked 185 permits to hire
foreign workers, opened 1,220 files against employers suspected of violating
foreign worker employment laws, and imposed 8,356 administrative fines on
employers. Also during the year, the ITL filed 208 criminal indictments
against employers, including manpower companies, for violations of labor laws
and won 38 judgments against violators. All
material used herein reproduced under the fair use exception of 17 USC § 107
for noncommercial, nonprofit, and educational use. PLEASE RESPECT COPYRIGHTS OF COMPONENT
ARTICLES. Cite this webpage as: Patt,
Prof. Martin, "Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery -
Israel", http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Israel.htm, [accessed
<date>] |
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