Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery Poverty drives the unsuspecting poor into the
hands of traffickers Published reports & articles from 2000 to 2025 gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Ghana.htm
Ghana is a source, transit, and destination country for
children and women trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial
sexual exploitation. Trafficking within the country is more prevalent than
transnational trafficking and the majority of victims are children. Both boys
and girls are trafficked within Ghana for forced labor in agriculture and the
fishing industry, for street hawking, forced begging by religious
instructors, as porters, and possibly for forced kente
weaving. Over 30,000 children are believed to be working as porters, or Kayaye, in Accra alone. Annually, the IOM reports
numerous deaths of boys trafficked for hazardous forced labor in the Lake
Volta fishing industry. Girls are trafficked within the country for domestic
servitude and sexual exploitation. To a lesser extent, boys are also
trafficked internally for sexual exploitation, primarily for sex tourism. - U.S.
State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report, June, 2009 Check out a later
country report here
or a full TIP Report here |
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CAUTION: The following links
have been culled from the web to illuminate the situation in HOW TO USE THIS WEB-PAGE Students If you are looking
for material to use in a term-paper, you are advised to scan the postings on
this page and others to see which aspects of Human Trafficking are of
particular interest to you. Would you like
to write about Forced-Labor? Debt
Bondage? Prostitution? Forced Begging? Child Soldiers? Sale of Organs? etc. On the other
hand, you might choose to include precursors of trafficking such as poverty and hunger. There is a lot to
the subject of Trafficking. Scan other
countries as well. Draw comparisons
between activity in adjacent countries and/or regions. Meanwhile, check out some of the Term-Paper resources
that are available on-line. Teachers Check out some of
the Resources
for Teachers attached to this website. ***
FEATURED ARTICLES *** How Iom Is Reducing Human Trafficking In Ghana Prathamesh Mantri,
The Borgen Project borgenproject.org/human-trafficking-in-ghana/ [accessed 3 February
2021] REHABILITATION AND
REINTEGRATION
-- The International Organization for Migration (IOM) and APPLE, a Ghanaian
NGO founded in 1977, both rescue children from trafficking and bring them
back to their families. Rescued children first go to a government-run shelter
for up to three months before they reunite with their parents. At the
shelter, they receive medical checks, health treatment, psychological
counseling and basic education. Additionally, a
clinical psychologist inspects the victims to identify the ill-treatment that
they have experienced which informs the creation of a personalized plan for
rehabilitation. Next, the children attend school or undertake an
apprenticeship with the necessary supplies. Otherwise, if they are fortunate
enough, they go back home to their parents. The children who return to their parents get to fulfill the fundamental
right of all the children in this world: to grow up with a family. The
authorities organize a background test and a compatibility test to ensure
that the caretakers are suitable before handing over the child. ***
ARCHIVES *** 2020 Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor, 30 March 2021 www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/ghana/
[accessed 7 June
2021] PROHIBITION OF
FORCED OR COMPULSORY LABOR Forced labor and
trafficking, however, persisted with insufficient investigation and
prosecution. NGOs, civil society, and human rights activists reported
corruption within police ranks, the justice system, and political authorities
that impeded prosecution, with perpetrators accumulating significant wealth
from trafficking and forced labor and senior police officers intimidating NGO
staff to deter their investigations. PROHIBITION OF CHILD
LABOR AND MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT Employers subjected
children as young as four to forced labor in the agriculture, fishing, and
mining industries, including artisanal gold mines, and as domestic laborers,
porters, hawkers, and quarry workers. NGOs estimated that almost one-half of
trafficked children worked in the Volta Region. Starting in 2019 civil
society organizations rescued more than 200 children subjected to forced
labor and beatings and denied food, education, and safe living conditions at
Lake Volta. In the fishing industry, they engaged in hazardous work, such as
diving into deep waters to untangle fishing nets caught on submerged tree
roots. The government did not legally recognize working underwater as a form
of hazardous work. Officials from the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture
Development received training as part of a strategy to combat child labor and
trafficking in the fisheries sector. Child labor
continued to be prevalent in artisanal mining (particularly illegal
small-scale mining), fetching firewood, bricklaying, food service and cooking,
and collecting fares. Children in small-scale mining reportedly crushed
rocks, dug in deep pits, carried heavy loads, operated heavy machinery,
sieved stones, and amalgamated gold with mercury. Child labor
occurred in cocoa harvesting. Children engaged in cocoa harvesting often used
sharp tools to clear land and collect cocoa pods, carried heavy loads, and
were exposed to agrochemicals, including toxic pesticides. The government did
not legally recognize this type of work in agriculture, including in cocoa,
as hazardous work for children. Employers often
poorly paid and physically abused child laborers, and the children received
little or no health care. According to the MICS, one in every five children
between the ages of five and 17 is engaged in hazardous working conditions,
and there were no significant disparities between boys and girls. Freedom House
Country Report 2020 Edition freedomhouse.org/country/ghana/freedom-world/2020 [accessed 10
September 2020] G4. DO INDIVIDUALS
ENJOY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND FREEDOM FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION? Most workers are
employed in the informal sector, limiting the effectiveness legal and
regulatory safeguards for working conditions. The exploitation of children in
the agricultural and mining sectors remains a problem. Similar abuses in the
fishing industry have also been reported, especially in the region
surrounding Lake Volta. While the government has taken some positive steps to
address human trafficking in recent years, it has not adequately funded
enforcement efforts or addressed corruption and political interference in
trafficking cases, according to the US State Department. G3. DO INDIVIDUALS ENJOY
PERSONAL SOCIAL FREEDOMS, INCLUDING CHOICE OF MARRIAGE PARTNER AND SIZE OF
FAMILY, PROTECTION FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, AND CONTROL OVER APPEARANCE? While personal
social freedoms are upheld in many respects and among large segments of the
population, domestic violence and rape are serious problems, and harmful
traditional practices including female genital mutilation or cutting and
early or forced marriage persist in certain regions. The government has
worked to combat gender-based violence over the past decade, including by
expanding the police’s domestic violence and victim support units and
creating special courts for gender-based violence, though such services
reportedly suffer from insufficient resources. 2017 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor Office of Child
Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking, Bureau of International Labor
Affairs, US Dept of Labor, 2018 www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ilab/ChildLaborReport_Book.pdf [accessed 17 April
2019] www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2017/ChildLaborReportBook.pdf [accessed 28 April
2020] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL
Worst Forms of Child Labor [page 448] The majority of children
subject to human trafficking are transported within Ghana for labor in cocoa,
domestic work, commercial sexual exploitation, and fishing. Children as young
as age 4 are subjected to forced labor in fishing in the areas around Lake
Volta, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. (15; 18; 25; 32; 36; 37)
Children also use sharp tools and are exposed to agro-chemicals while working
in the cocoa sector. (5; 10). A Study on Human
Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation within th Gulf
of Guinea countries James Okolie-Osemene PhD, Department of International Relations
and the Director of Research and Linkage Programme,
Wellspring University, Nigeria [Long URL] [accessed 14
February 2022] The objectives of
this study are to situate and examine the context, nature and networks of
human trafficking for sexual exploitation around the Gulf of Guinea in order
to identify the intersection between the sources, transit and destinations of
the illicit trade, interrogate the human rights implications of human
trafficking for sexual exploitation around the countries of the Gulf of
Guinea on the one hand, and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats to the anti-trafficking activities on the other hand. Three Chinese
jailed for human trafficking www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=164179 [accessed 6 February
2011] Summing up its
judgment, the court noted that the prosecution had been able to prove its
case beyond reasonable doubt. It held that James and Sam engaged in human
trafficking by obtaining tickets and other travelling documents for the
victims and through deceits, lured them to According to the
court the victims on their arrival had their passports and other travelling
documents confiscated by James who in turn threatened, deceived and exploited
their vulnerability. According to the court proceeds of the sex trade were
used to purchase contraceptives, douches and other materials to facilitate
their trade. It dismissed claims by the convicts that the victims and other
Chinese nationals meet at the restaurants to sing. "During the singing
that was when the men selected the victims for sex," the court noted. It therefore
concluded that the convicts through their intentions induced the victims into
sex trade and declined to give them their travelling documents as well as
proceed from the sex trade. Human trafficking:
The faces and sorrow at the heart of a UN report UN News Centre, 13
February 2009 www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29907&Cr=&Cr1= [accessed 6 February
2011] And Kwame’s young life
embraced a dream when his parents were told he would join a sales business.
Instead, he was trafficked to the infamous fishing region around After eight years
of backbreaking labour and heartbreaking abuse, Kwame was freed by an
anti-slavery group in The Protection
Project - The www.protectionproject.org/human_rights_reports/report_documents/ghana.doc [Last accessed 2009] FORMS OF TRAFFICKING - Children from Preventing Child
Trafficking in Voice of www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/a-13-2007-08-22-voa5.html [accessed 6 February
2011] www.voanews.com/archive/preventing-child-trafficking-ghanas-fishing-communities [accessed 28 April
2020] The International
Organization for Migration (IOM) says child trafficking is rampant in fishing
communities along Ghana’s Lake Volta. The organization has been trying to
rescue, rehabilitate, and reintegrate trafficked children. But are the
children really being enslaved or the chores they do are part of a cultural
tradition? “They are not being
held against their will, but as a child they have no consent. What happens is
that some of these children have uncles or relatives who come to these poor
parents in fishing area, in the village to take them to go and stay with.
When they go there, they in turn give the children to fishermen and collect
some money from the fisherman, and the children go and work for the fisherman
instead of going to school,” Peasah said. Kerry Kennedy Cuomo,
Camera Works: Speak Truth to Power, The www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/onassignment/truth/st/09.htm [accessed 6 February
2011] Juliana Dogbadzi, enslaved in a shrine in her native The Growing Menace
Of Child Trafficking newtimesonline.com -
The Ghanaian Times, 21 Jun 2008 www.modernghana.com/news/170908/1/the-growing-menace-of-child-trafficking.html [accessed 6 February
2011] The latest report
that 390 child slaves are locked up at Krachi in
the Volta Region, published in this paper yesterday, is indeed disturbing, if
not disconcerting. According to our
correspondent, these children are under bondage, labouring
for fishermen on five islands in the vicinity of Kete
Krachi in the They have lost all
their rights and freedoms for which reason their survival and development are
severely jeopardised. Human trafficking
is a national disgrace Stop Trafficking,
2008-04-09 www.antitraf.net/home.php?mode=more&id=18&lang=en [accessed 6 February
2011] In Ghana Police set up
anti-human trafficking Unit The Crusading Guide,
30 Oct 2007 www.modernghana.com/news/146313/1/ghana-police-set-up-anti-human-trafficking-unit.html [accessed 6 February
2011] On the welfare of
the 17 rescued girls, ACP Yeboah said that he had
liaised-with the Ministry of Women and Children's Affairs to find a temporary
shelter to accommodate them until further notice. Committee on child
labour, trafficking inaugurated mobile.ghanaweb.com/wap/article.php?ID=130307 [accessed 6 February
2011] www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Committee-on-child-labour-trafficking-inaugurated-130307 [accessed 29 January
2018] A 21-member
steering committee for an International Labour Organisation (ILO) project on
combating child labour and trafficking was inaugurated in Kumasi on Thursday. Dr. Slyvester Sakyiamah, Executive
Director of the Social Research Associates, said the Kumasi Metropolis had
become the destination for most of the children trafficked from the Upper
West, Upper East, Northern regions and other parts the country. He said the
children were found to be cart pushers, bar-keepers, head porters, hawkers
and domestic servants among other exploitative jobs. Dr. Sakyiamah
said due to the nature of the work they engaged in, the lack of shelter and
better conditions of life, some of them become street children, who were
easily lured into robbery, drug peddling, child prostitution resulting in
socio-economic problems. Brave policewoman
rewarded The Mirror,
7-Jul-2007 At one time this article
had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 5
September 2011] The report said in
December 2005, one Razak Mohammed asked his wife,
Joyce Kruwaa, to allow his stepson, Kwadwo Kwafo, aged nine, to
accompany him to visit his parents at Kintampo in
the Brong Ahafo
Region. She gave her consent because
that had been the usual practice whereby every December, Mohammed went to his
parents for items for the Christmas celebration. The report said this time around, instead
of going to Kintampo, Mohammed took the boy to Man jailed 30 years
for human trafficking At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 5
September 2011] The audience in the courtroom were stunned when Abebrese, resident of Brepro Nkwanta near Bawdie in the Wassa Amenfi East District of
the Western Region admitted to attempting to sell one Joseph Narh, a carpenter of the same village for ritual purpose. But, Inspector Adzadza said on June 19, 2007, the complainant received a
call from Tekpey who informed him (the complainant)
that he lied when he said he wanted him to assist him secure a kiosk, rather
he wanted him (the complainant) to assist him sell one Narh
in the Sewfi area where a human head could be
exchanged for a KIA vehicle. Trafficking
of African women is thriving Francois Tillinac, Agence France-Presse AFP, May
10 2007 www.iol.co.za/news/africa/trafficking-of-african-women-is-thriving-1.352453 [accessed 6 February
2011] In January Italian
police smashed several human trafficking rings involving African and eastern
European females and netted some 800 suspects. Outside Human Trafficking
Act is too broad www.ghananewsagency.org/details/Social/Human-Trafficking-Act-is-too-broad-raises-concerns-Lawyer/?ci=4&ai=2628 [accessed 20 April
2012] A lawyer has
described the Human Trafficking Act, 2005, as "too broad" and as
such raises a number of concerns that need to be addressed to ensure its
effective enforcement. He said, for
instance, the meaning of trafficking in the Act has been so defined as to
make it ambiguous to determine what is meant by "force", "deception",
"harbouring" or "exploitation of
vulnerability." Qatar recruitment
is human trafficking - says Legal Centre Gilbert Boyefio, The Statesman, 24/02/2007 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 5
September 2011] After the arrival of
the first batch of Ghanaians to the oil-rich Qatar three months ago, several
disgruntled workers complained of conditions there, resulting in a Government
fact-finding mission to investigate the allegations. Workers claimed that housing and food was
poor, that they had not been paid and that their passports had been taken
from them by their employers. High human
trafficking profits increases practice in Ghana www.modernghana.com/news/124311/1/high-human-trafficking-profits-increases-practice-.html [accessed 6 February
2011] High profits from human
trafficking, rated the world’s third illicit business has led to increased
number of children being trafficked and transported from Fighting human
trafficking: At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 5
September 2011] However, in this
era of civilisation and development, Ghanaian
children, through no fault of their own, are still being given out or sold to
people, being deprived of their rights to enjoy life to the fullest. People give out
their children to these fishermen in return for monthly, quarterly or annual
compensation. Media urged to
sensitize people on child trafficking www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=110995 [accessed 6 February
2011] Mrs Hagan said the
estimated population of children between 5 years and 17 years in Mrs Sylvia Hinson-Ekong, Executive Director of Rescue Foundation Media urged to
educate public on human trafficking www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=110861 accessed 6 February
2011] According to her
most parents ignorantly gave their children out to persons forgetting about
the dangers that they could go through. She said the enactment of the law on
human trafficking was in the right direction but called for more
collaboration between security agencies in combating it. Integrated Regional
Information Networks IRIN, www.irinnews.org/report/59518/west-africa-children-in-danger-war-on-trafficking [accessed 6 February
2011] Rejoice says she
was 10 years old when she was sold and taken from her home to an unfamiliar
fishing village on the banks of For the next seven
years Rejoice washed, scrubbed, cooked and cleaned alongside two other girls
bought by Human Trafficking
Law, Act 694 explained [accessed 15 July
2013] Mrs. Sweetie Sowah, Western Regional Director of the Legal Aid Board,
has said parents who offer their child for trafficking commit an offence
under the Human Trafficking Law, Act 694. She was speaking at
a community puppetry sensitisation programme on the Human Trafficking Law organised by the Department of Children at Sekondi. Workshop On Child
Trafficking Ends In Bawku www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=77427 [accessed 6 February
2011] The Bawku Municipal
Chief Executive, Mr. Abdul-Rahman Gumah, has called
for effective networking between the security services and community opinion
leaders to address the high incidence of child trafficking in the
Municipality and to step up surveillance on child smugglers in the area. Let's Take a
Collective Stance Against Child Trafficking From the Editor,
Public Agenda ( [accessed 15 July
2013] According to the
report, the country was a source and a destination country for trafficked
persons in 2004. WAJU reported that
there were 190 cases of abduction and 19 cases of child stealing during the
year. GHANA-GAMBIA: Sex
slave children trafficked by Ghanaian fishermen Integrated Regional
Information Networks IRIN, www.irinnews.org/report/48765/ghana-gambia-sex-slave-children-trafficked-by-ghanaian-fishermen [accessed 24
February 2015] According to the Gambian
National Intelligence Agency, the girls were smuggled into the country
without official papers to work as sex slaves for their Ghanaian
masters. Ceesay confirmed this. She
said the girls were forced to “satisfy the sexual desires of older men” and
some were working full-time as prostitutes within the 5,000-strong Ghanaian
community. The Gambian
authorities said that the girls were also made to work long hours smoking
fish and selling gari, a popular Ghanaian staple
made from cassava. Some boys smuggled into the Vocational Center
for Freed Slave Girls in GlobalGiving Foundation www.globalgiving.org/projects/support-freed-slave-girls/ [accessed 6 February
2011] SUMMARY - Girls, freed
from slavery, are gaining valuable skills by attending a vocational center
that was built with help from GlobalGiving donors. Worst Forms of Child
Labor / Modern Child Slavery Youth Advocate
Program International YAPI, 7/26/2004 yapi.org/child-labor-and-slavery/ [accessed 24 January
2016] WHERE SLAVERY EXISTS
TODAY
- Industries in which child slaves are used exist in all parts of the world.
Children are enslaved in the cotton fields of India, fishing industry in Ghana, charcoal production in Brazil, gold
mines in Peru, brick producing kilns of Nepal, stone quarries in south Asia,
as camel jockeys in the United Arab Emirates, and as domestic servants and
sex slaves all over the world, including in the United States and other
developed countries. Because they are more easily manipulated, children are
typically given work in the most unhealthy and dangerous conditions. Children engaged in
hazardous labour www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=58004 [accessed 6 February
2011] A National Child
Labour Survey by the Ghana Statistical Service indicated that out of the over
six million children in Integrated Regional
Information Networks IRIN, www.irinnews.org/report/41408/ghana-trafficked-children-registered [accessed 9 March
2015] "We met on a
one-to-one basis with 96 of the 136 fishermen who are known to employ underaged labour in Brong Ahafo region,"
Ernest Taylor of IOM Ghana said. "All of them promised to free the
children. We told them that in exchange they would receive training and
modern fishing equipment, so they won't have to employ children in future." "We will continue to register all
cases of trafficked children in the region. We will then start tracing
families with the help of the traditional leaders and the fishermen. Once the
families have been identified, we will contact them and provide enough help
to ensure that the return of the children is sustainable," U.S. Labor
Secretary Visits with Victims of Child Trafficking in Bureau of
International Information Programs, iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2003/12/20031222155747yeroc1.960391e-02.html#axzz3P8W7nZxA [accessed 18 January
2015] allafrica.com/stories/200312230099.html [accessed 28 April
2020] During Secretary Chao's
visit, she met with nearly 50 children who have been victims of trafficking.
In addition to children from Kokrobite, Secretary
Chao also visited with students from five schools in nearby villages. The
children were trafficked hours away from their home to the The Tragedy of
Female Slavery in Brian Carnell, EquityFeminism, February 12, 2001 aconspiracyofhope.blogspot.com/2010/10/slaves-of-god.html [accessed 25 August
2014] [Monday, October 25,
2010] According to the American
Anti-Slavery Group, until the 18th century the offering typically took the
form of livestock or other gifts, but that began to change and priests began
demanding, and receiving, virgin girls as atonement for the sins of their
relatives. Girls, often under the age
of 10, are brought to the priest, ritually stripped of all their possessions,
including clothes, and told they have to do anything the priest tells them.
Most girls are raped repeatedly. Former Child Slave
James Kofi Annon, Bringing Children from Slavery to
Salvation Grahame Turner, wellesley.patch.com/articles/former-child-slave-james-kofi-annon-bringing-children-from-slavery-to-salvation [accessed 6 February
2011] "Of the six of
us who were trafficked together, three of us are alive," began Kofi Annon. Work began
at 3 a.m. for the children. The day's work included tending and casting nets,
diving, hauling, and countless other challenging tasks. The day ended at 8
p.m. Kofi Annon
added, "During that typical day, I'd have one meal." "When you
attempt to escape, the consequences of that are brutal," Kofi Annon explained. "Chance of being caught was
high." This is because the
slaves could go days without seeing more than one vehicle, often the same
boat used by traffickers. That isn't to say he never tried. After being
caught on one occasion, his captors tied a noose around his neck and dragged
him through the community, making an example to other would-be flight risks. Concluding
Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child, 6 June 1997 www1.umn.edu/humanrts/crc/ghana1997.html [accessed 6 February
2011] [18] The Committee
further notes with concern the inadequacy of existing laws in protecting
children who are "adopted" - a situation which has led to abuses
such as exploitation through domestic labor, particularly of girls. ***
EARLIER EDITIONS OF SOME OF THE ABOVE *** Freedom House
Country Report 2018 Edition freedomhouse.org/country/ghana/freedom-world/2018 [accessed 28 April
2020] G4. DO INDIVIDUALS ENJOY
EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND FREEDOM FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION? The exploitation of
children in the agricultural and mining sectors remains a problem. The
exploitation of children in the fishing industry too remains a problem,
especially in the region surrounding Lake Volta. While the government has
taken some steps in recent years, it has not implemented antitrafficking
legislation or adequately funded antitrafficking
agencies. Human Rights
Reports » 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61572.htm [accessed 9 February
2020] TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS
– From January to May there were 105 cases of child abduction and 131 cases
of child stealing, according to the DOVVISU. On September 4, the
Immigration Service reported its largest interception of traffickers to date
when Kulungugu border officials arrested a woman
for attempting to traffic 17 children, ages 5 to 17, to Trafficking was
both internal and international, with the majority of trafficking in the
country involving children from impoverished rural backgrounds. The most
common forms of internal trafficking involved boys from the Northern Region
going to work in the fishing communities along the Children between
the ages of 7 and 17 also were trafficked to and from the neighboring
countries of Much of the
recruitment of children was done with the consent of the parents, who sometimes
were given an advance payment or promised regular stipends from the recruiter
and were told the children would receive food, shelter, and often some sort
of training or education. Some parents sent their children to work for
extended family members in urban areas. Treatment of children sent to work in
relatives' homes varied. Many children were given to professional recruiters,
usually women, who placed the children with employers in cities. A child in
these circumstances usually was paid between $2.20 and $3.30 (20 thousand to
30 thousand cedis) per month. In many cases, the
children never received the education or vocational training the recruiters
promised. Girls could be forced into prostitution and were sometimes sexually
abused by their employers. Women also were
trafficked to Western Europe, mostly to The Department of Labor’s 2004 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2004/ghana.htm [accessed 6 February
2011] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL
Worst Forms of Child Labor INCIDENCE
AND NATURE OF CHILD LABOR - There are reports of children being given away, leased,
or sold by their parents to work in various sectors. Children were also reportedly sold into
involuntary servitude for either labor or sexual exploitation. All
material used herein reproduced under the fair use exception of 17 USC § 107
for noncommercial, nonprofit, and educational use. PLEASE RESPECT COPYRIGHTS OF COMPONENT
ARTICLES. Cite this webpage as: Patt,
Prof. Martin, "Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery - |
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