Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery Poverty drives the unsuspecting poor into the
hands of traffickers Published reports & articles from
2000 to 2025 gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Brazil.htm
Brazil is a source
country for men, women, girls, and boys trafficked within the country and
transnationally for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, as well as
a source country for men and boys trafficked internally for forced labor. The
Brazilian Federal Police estimate that 250,000 to 400,000 children are
exploited in domestic prostitution, in resort and tourist areas, along
highways, and in Amazonian mining brothels.
- U.S. State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report, June, 2009 Check out a later country report here or a full TIP Report here |
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CAUTION: The following
links have been culled from the web to illuminate the situation in HOW TO USE THIS WEB-PAGE Students If you are looking
for material to use in a term-paper, you are advised to scan the postings on this
page and others to see which aspects of Human Trafficking are of particular
interest to you. Would you like to
write about Forced-Labor? Debt
Bondage? Prostitution? Forced Begging? Child Soldiers? Sale of Organs? etc. On the other
hand, you might choose to include possible precursors of trafficking such as poverty. There is a lot to the subject
of Trafficking. Scan other countries
as well. Draw comparisons between
activity in adjacent countries and/or regions. Meanwhile, check out some of the Term-Paper resources
that are available on-line. Teachers Check out some of
the Resources
for Teachers attached to this website. HELP for Victims Ministry
of Justice ***
FEATURED ARTICLE *** Mother courage New Internationalist
337 August 2001 -- Interview conducted
by Mario Osava/ Inter Press Service News Agency IPS www.newint.org/features/2001/08/05/wanted/#mother [accessed 24 January
2011] Loyola lives in the
town of ***
ARCHIVES *** Brazil eases
residency visa requirements for trafficking victims Fabio Teixeira, RIO
DE JANEIRO, Reuters, 24 March 2020 [accessed 25 March 2020] Human trafficking
survivors will have an easier time gaining residence in Brazil after they are
rescued, according to an ordinance issued by the government on Tuesday. Under the new
measure, a visa applicant must be recognized as a victim by government
authorities. Then migration authorities have a final say, taking into account
if the victims cooperate with efforts to catch their abusers. When granted, the
visa authorizes migrants to work legally in Brazil. In Brazil,
trafficking victims from Bolivia, Paraguay, Haiti and China have been found
in forced labor and debt-bondage, particularly in the construction and
textile industries, according to the U.S. 2019 Trafficking in Persons Report.
2020 Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brazil U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor, 30 March 2021 www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brazil/
[accessed 13 May
2021] PROHIBITION OF
FORCED OR COMPULSORY LABOR Forced labor,
including forced child labor, was reported in jobs such as clearing forests
to provide cattle pastureland, logging, producing charcoal, raising
livestock, and other agricultural activities. Forced labor often involved
young men drawn from the less-developed northeastern states–Maranhao, Piaui, Tocantins, and
Ceara–and the central state of Goias
to work in the northern and central-western regions of the country. In
addition there were reports of forced labor in the construction industry.
News outlets reported cases that amounted to forced labor in production of
carnauba wax. Cases of forced labor were also reported in the garment
industry in the city of Sao Paulo; the victims were often from neighboring
countries, particularly Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay, while others came from
Haiti, South Korea, and China. PROHIBITION
OF CHILD LABOR AND MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT The Ministry of Economy’s Special Mobile Inspection Group is responsible for inspecting worksites to enforce child labor laws. Penalties were insufficient to deter violations. Most inspections of children in the workplace were driven by complaints brought by workers, teachers, unions, NGOs, and media. Due to legal restrictions, labor inspectors remained unable to enter private homes and farms, where much of the child labor allegedly occurred. The government did not always effectively enforce the law. In the view of expert NGOs working in this field, penalties for slave labor were not commensurate with those for other analogous serious crimes, such as kidnapping. Between March and May, when most states were under mandatory social distancing measures, labor inspectors uncovered 63 cases of child labor, compared with 176 during the same period in 2019. Freedom House
Country Report 2020 Edition freedomhouse.org/country/brazil/freedom-world/2020 [accessed 19 March
2020] G4. DO INDIVIDUALS
ENJOY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND FREEDOM FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION? Slavery-like
working conditions pose a significant problem in rural and, increasingly, in
urban zones. A 2012 constitutional amendment allows the government to
confiscate all property of landholders found to be using slave labor, a
measure criticized by Bolsonaro. The government has
sought to address the problem of child labor by cooperating with various
NGOs, increasing inspections, and offering cash incentives to keep children
in school and legislation enacted in 2014 classifies the sexual exploitation
of minors as “a heinous crime.” 2017 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor Office of Child
Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking, Bureau of International Labor
Affairs, US Dept of Labor, 2018 www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ilab/ChildLaborReport_Book.pdf [accessed 15 April
2019] www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2017/ChildLaborReportBook.pdf [accessed 24 April
2020] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL Worst Forms of Child Labor [page 197] Children in Brazil
engage in the worst forms of child labor in commercial sexual exploitation.
(1; 2; 3) Children also engage in child labor in the production of coffee.
(4; 5) Although the government has not yet published an analysis of the
results from the 2016 National Household Survey (PNAD), the survey found
998,000 children ages 5–17 in child labor, including 190,000 children ages
5–13 and 808,000 children ages 14–17. (6) The survey also found that 20
million children are engaged in domestic work, which includes children
engaged in household chores as well as child labor. (7) The North and
Northeast regions had the highest number of child laborers, and 48 percent of
these child laborers ages 5–13 work in agriculture. While the overall
scope and magnitude of the commercial sexual exploitation of children is
unknown, the government acknowledges that it occurs throughout Brazil, with
higher rates reported in the North and Northeast regions. (47; 42) Child sex
tourism is particularly common in tourist and coastal areas. In addition,
girls from other South American countries are exploited in commercial sex in
Brazil. (42). Organ trafficking:
a fast-expanding black market IHS Jane's, 05 March
2008 www.traffickingproject.org/2008/03/organ-trafficking-fast-expanding-black.html [accessed 26 June
2013] China, Welcome to Augusto Zimmermann,
L.L.B., L.L.M., Ph.D. teaches constitutional law at This paper was
presented at the Criminal Law Workshop held by the John Fleming Centre for
Advancement of Legal Research at the Australian National University College
of Law, 7-9 February 2008 www.brazzil.com/info/188-february-2008/10042.html [accessed 21 July
2013] www.profpito.com/WelcometoBrazil.html [accessed 28 May
2017] VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN - A 2002 report from
the International Labor Organization (ILO) reveals that more than 3,000 girls
from the sparsely populated state of Rondônia are
subject to conditions of slavery and prostitution. Working children
are left vulnerable to all sorts of accidents in the workplace. There are
many reports of children illegally working in areas such as the charcoal,
sugarcane, and footwear industries. They have reportedly suffered accidents
and illness, including "dismemberment, gastrointestinal disease,
lacerations, blindness, and burns caused by applying pesticides with
inadequate protection." PORTUGAL-BRAZIL:
Human Trafficking and Marriages - Another Link Mario de Queiroz, Inter Press Service News Agency IPS, www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35071 [accessed 24 January
2011] www.ipsnews.net/2006/10/portugal-brazil-human-trafficking-and-marriages-another-link/ [accessed 5
September 2016] Brazil’s influence
in Portugal is not limited to music, television programming, football,
cuisine and tropical beach vacations. Today it is also
the main source of victims of human trafficking to Portugal, women who fall
into prostitution and sexual exploitation networks, as well as a source of
large numbers of women who marry Portuguese men. Brazil is the favourite
country for traffickers who form part of the prostitution networks that have
mushroomed in Portugal, which is a springboard to wealthier European Union
destinations, according to studies presented at a seminar organised
Monday and Tuesday by the governmental Portuguese Youth Institute (IPJ). Xinhua News Agency,
June 29, 2006 english.people.com.cn/200606/29/eng20060629_278431.html [accessed 24 January
2011] Brazilians are the
major victims of international human trafficking, according to the United
Nations. Most victims are women aged between 18 and 30 with a low educational
background. These women want to leave for Europe and believe they will have a
better job and life there but end up being sexually exploited. Forced Labor, Iraq
War Take Center Stage at World Social Forum Agence France-Presse AFP, www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0129-01.htm [accessed date
unknown] [accessed 28 May
2017] The group praised Brazil Tries to
Stem Tide of Sex Slavery Jen Ross, Women's eNews, June 19, 2005 www.womensenews.org/story/prostitution-and-trafficking/050619/brazil-tries-stem-tide-sex-slavery [accessed 24 January
2011] There's a good
reason for the widespread interest in human trafficking in Spanish Police
Arrest 14 in Crackdown on Immigrant Prostitution Ring Associated Press AP,
2005-06-06 www.libertadlatina.org/eur_spain_police_arrest_14_free_54_enslaved_brazilian_women_05-06-2005.htm [accessed 24 January
2011] The group recruited
hundreds of women coming mainly from The Price of a
Slave in Bernardete Toneto,
[originally in Portuguese in the newspaper Brasil
de Fato], February 2004 www.brazzil.com/2004/html/articles/feb04/p107feb04.htm [accessed 16
February 2015] Brazil is responsible
for 15 percent of women trafficked in Forced Child
Prostitution in Gilberto Dimenstein, Adapted from his book "Meninas da Noite",
Translation: NACLA Report on the www.libertadlatina.org/LA_Child_Sex_Auctions_Fortaleza_Brazil.htm [accessed 24 January
2011] pangaea.org/street_children/latin/brzpros.htm [accessed 29 January
2019] Twelve girls--among
them, Ana Meire Lima da Silva, age 15, and Miriam
Ferreira dos Santos, 14--make up part of the cargo. They were persuaded to go
with promises of work in a restaurant or luncheonette. The girls are
attracted by the promise of licit employment, but then are sent to work in
night clubs in these faraway, inaccessible places, and kept captive like
prisoners. Even the more experienced girls, who are not new to prostitution,
are tricked. By contrast with the more naive girls, they know that they are
going to sell their bodies, but they have little idea of the regime of
slavery that awaits them. Everything rests
upon the debt--a bottomless pit. From the moment the girl arrives at the
club, she is told that she owes money: her plane or boat ticket, which can be
as much as $100. She cannot leave until this debt is paid off. The debt grows
with the purchase of clothes, perfumes, medicine and food furnished by the
club owner at an arbitrary price. Without the girls
realizing it, the owner keeps track of their expenditures using as a base the
value of a gram of gold. The debt snowballs, especially when the girls fall
sick--a common occurrence in this region ravaged by malaria. During the time
they cannot "work," the debt piles up. Money from clients does not
pass through the girls' hands; it goes, instead, directly to the cashbox. "Foreigners in
Our Own Country": Indigenous Peoples in Amnesty
International, Index Number: AMR 19/002/2005, Date Published: 28 March 2005 www.refworld.org/docid/42ae98470.html [accessed 24
February 2015] 1. INTRODUCTION - Amnesty
International has documented and campaigned against human rights violations
committed against indigenous peoples in 4. IMPUNITY AND
INSECURITY
- Impunity for human rights violations in Japan Sex Industry
Ensnares Latin Women Associated Press AP,
www.planet-love.com/smf/index.php?topic=10169.0;wap2 [accessed 18
February 2013] At least 1,700
women from Latin America and the Caribbean are lured each year into sexual
slavery in He said a typical
trafficking scenario is that of Irene Oblitas, a
Peruvian who told her story last year to her country's media. She said that
in 1998 she boarded a plane with three Japanese businessmen who had promised
her a job in a plastics factory. When
she arrived she was raped by all three men and sold to a Yakuza organized
crime boss, who branded her across the chest with a 6-inch (15-centimeter)
rose tattoo. He forced her to provide sexual services to up to 40 clients a
day, she said. Brazil slave
inspectors shot dead BBC News, 29
January, 2004 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3440615.stm [accessed 24 January
2011] Three Brazilian officials
were shot dead while investigating allegations that farm workers were used as
slave labour, the Labour
Ministry has said. A spokesman said
the officials and their driver were ambushed in the state of Minais Gerais. But he said it was not clear whether the
murders had anything to do with the investigations. SURPRISE RAIDS - Most are in
isolated parts of the country, far from the capital, where powerful farmers
hold sway. Labour
Ministry inspectors travel around Between 250,000 and
2 million children forced into prostitution in Brazil LibertadLatina, Short quotes and
Links www.libertadlatina.org/LA_Brazils_Child_Prostitution_Crisis.htm [accessed 24 January
2011] Prostitution and
Trafficking in the UK Stephanie Weiland,
for Rahab International, May 2005 www.wouk.org/2005/09/sex_trafficking_info.php [accessed 28 August
2014] TRAFFICKING - 100 women were
trafficked for prostitution from remote villages in Brazil to London over a
5-year period. The women were held under debt bondage. The trafficker made £5
million profit. (Superintendent Michael Hoskins "Trafficking in Women
for Sexual Exploitation: Assessment of the Current Threat Within Central
London" Metroploitan Police Service, June
1996). Essential
Background: Overview of Human Rights Issues in Human
Rights Watch, January 1, 2004 www.hrw.org/legacy/english/docs/2003/12/31/brazil6998.htm#5 [accessed
18 February 2013] FORCED
LABOR
- The use of forced labor in New era of slavery
exposed in Gabriella Gamini, Scotsman, February 22, 2004 www.ecoearth.info/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=29640 [accessed 24 January
2011] A skeletal Geraldo
da Silva was found sleeping under plastic sheets in a jungle camp with no
running water or toilets, the deep bloody cuts on his hands and feet evidence
that he had spent months clearing thick jungle vegetation. Armed vigilantes watched over him as he
worked and had threatened to kill him if he tried to flee. Silva was among 32
slaves found by Brazilian labour ministry inspectors
during a recent raid on remote cattle ranch in the Amazon owned by a
right-wing senator - a find which has brought to the attention of the wider
world an appalling violation of human rights.
More than 2,000 slaves have been freed in raids over the past year,
and there are now thought to be more than 25,000 people living in inhumane
conditions and working for nothing on cattle ranches, coffee farms and sugar
cane fields across Brazil. The African American
Desk Reference, Schomburg Center for research in
Black Culture, Copyright 1999 The Stonesong Press
Inc. and The New York Public Library, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pub. --
ISBN 0-471-23924-0 www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/brazil-abolishes-slavery [accessed 24 January
2011] Most forced labor
takes place on large estates called Fazendas. In
its present-day version, slavery begins with labor contractors called Gatos,
or cats. They lure uneducated workers, largely from the northeast, with the
promise of decent wages. Once the laborers arrive, however, they find they
have already run up un-payable debts to their employers for food, medicine,
and lodging, even the use of tools. In many cases they work long hours in the
hot sun in exchange for food or wages as low as 10 cents and
hour. Armed guards patrol work areas to ensure nobody escapes until debts are
paid. Dozens of slaves
freed in BBC World Service,
21 May, 2004 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3736207.stm [accessed 24 January
2011] They said the
sugar-cane cutters had been lured from the poor north-eastern region of A Victim's Story Source:
www.iabolish.org/slavery_today/country_reports/br.html At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 24 January
2011] [scroll down to Jobless and hungry,
the Rocha family followed the promise of the gato
(recruiter) and traveled by truck to the Minas Gerais
region hoping for a better life. After arriving at the batteria
(work camp), the gato informed the Rochas - at gunpoint - that they would be charged for
travel, tools, food, and shelter. The family suddenly found itself trapped in
forced labor, working 18-hour days to pay off an ever-accruing debt. While at
the batteria, Marta Rocha, eight years old, inhaled
smoke on a regular basis. She began to cough blood and now can no longer
work. The Rochas are underfed and their debt
continues to amass with no end in sight. Marta's medical needs further
increase the debt, and without her work, the debt climbs even higher.
Hundreds of miles from their native village, the Rochas
are isolated and enslaved in their own country. 'Slaves' found on
Brazilian ranch BBC News, 13
February, 2004 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3486657.stm [accessed 24 January
2011] Officials said they
discovered 32 slave-workers on the ranch of right-wing Senator Joao Ribeiro
in the northern state of Trapped: Modern-Day
Slavery in the Brazilian Amazon Binka Le Breton, Trapped: Modern-day slavery in the
Brazilian Amazon, Latin America Bureau, 24 April 2003 www.antislavery.org/archive/press/pressRelease2003-Brazil.htm At one time this article
had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] “Despite the clammy heat, I feel a cold
shiver down my back as I sense something of Albertino's
pain and terror. Lured into the jungle by false promises, treated with casual
brutality, he was worked to the limits of endurance, forcibly held prisoner,
and discarded as one might stamp on a cockroach” - from Trapped: Modern-day slavery in the Brazilian Amazon, by Binka Le Breton Larry Rohter, New York Times, query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E7DE153BF936A15750C0A9649C8B63 [accessed 24 January
2011] The recruiters
gather at the bus station here in this grimy Amazon frontier town, waiting
for the weary and the desperate to disembark. When they spot a target, they
promise him a steady job, good pay, free housing and plenty of food. A quick
handshake seals the deal. But for thousands
of peasants, that handshake ensures a slide into slavery. No sooner do they
board the battered trucks that take them to work felling trees and tending
cattle deep in the jungle than they find themselves mired in debt, under
armed guard and unable to leave their new workplace. ''It was 12 years
before I was finally able to escape and make my way back home,'' said
Bernardo Gomes da Silva, 42. ''We were forced to start work at 6 in the
morning and to continue sometimes until 11 at night, but I was never paid
during that entire time because they always claimed that I owed them money.'' Child Labour Persists Around The World: More Than 13 Percent Of
Children 10-14 Are Employed International Labour Organisation (ILO) News,
www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/press-and-media-centre/news/WCMS_008058/lang--en/index.htm [accessed 9
September 2011] www.scribd.com/document/366840945/Child-Labour-Persists-Around-the-World [accessed 30 January
2019] "Today's child
worker will be tomorrow's uneducated and untrained adult, forever trapped in
grinding poverty. No effort should be spared to break that vicious
circle", says ILO Director-General Michel Hansenne. Among the countries
with a high percentage of their children from 10-14 years in the work force
are: Mali, 54.5 percent; Burkina Faso, 51; Niger and Uganda, both 45; Kenya,
41.3; Senegal, 31.4; Bangladesh, 30.1; Nigeria, 25.8; Haiti, 25; Turkey, 24;
Côte d'Ivoire, 20.5; Pakistan, 17.7; Brazil,
16.1; India, 14.4; China, 11.6; and Egypt, 11.2. Concluding
Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) - 2004 UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child, 1 October 2004 www1.umn.edu/humanrts/crc/brazil2004.html [accessed 24 January
2011] [46] The Committee
welcomes the ratification by the State party of the Hague Convention on
Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Inter-country Adoption
of 1993. However, it regrets the lack of statistical data on domestic and
inter-country adoption and it expresses its concern that the State party does
not provide sufficient safeguards against trafficking and sale of children
for the purpose of, inter alia, adoption. [62] The Committee
welcomes the decision of the State party’s President, to make the fight
against child sexual exploitation a priority of his Government. However, the
Committee is deeply concerned by the wide occurrence of sexual exploitation
and related issues, as also noted in the report of the Special Rapporteur on
the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography following his
mission to Brazil in 2003 (E/CN.4/2004/9/Add.2). The Protection
Project - The www.protectionproject.org/human_rights_reports/report_documents/brazil.doc [last accessed 2009] FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE
TO THE TRAFFICKING INFRASTRUCTURE - Organized crime plays a significant role
in trafficking in women into and out of Human Rights
Overview by Human
Rights Watch – Defending Human Rights Worldwide [accessed 24 January
2011] ***
EARLIER EDITIONS OF SOME OF THE ABOVE *** Freedom House
Country Report 2018 Edition freedomhouse.org/country/brazil/freedom-world/2018 [accessed 24 April
2020] G4. DO INDIVIDUALS
ENJOY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND FREEDOM FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION? Slavery-like
working conditions pose a significant problem in rural—and increasingly
urban—zones. A constitutional amendment in 2012 allows the government to
confiscate all property of landholders found to be using slave labor.
However, under President Temer, the Ministry of
Labor and Social Security in October 2017 announced it would not continue
automatically making public its “dirty list” of employers who subject workers
to abusive conditions. The ministry also altered its internal definition of
“slave-like conditions” to a more limited set of conditions that focus on
freedom of mobility. The government has
sought to address the problem of child labor by cooperating with various
nongovernmental organizations, increasing inspections, and offering cash
incentives to keep children in school. Legislation enacted in 2014 classifies
the sexual exploitation of minors as “a heinous crime,” with penalties of
four to ten years in prison without eligibility for bail or amnesty. 2017 Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor, 20 April 2018 www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2017/wha/277313.htm [accessed 17 March
2019] www.state.gov/reports/2017-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brazil/ [accessed 24 June
2019] PROHIBITION OF
FORCED OR COMPULSORY LABOR Forced labor,
including forced child labor, occurred in many states in jobs such as
clearing forests to provide cattle pastureland, logging, producing charcoal,
raising livestock, and other agricultural activities. Forced labor often
involved young men drawn from the less-developed northeastern states--Maranhao, Piaui, Tocantins, and
Ceara--and the central state of Goias
to work in the northern and central-western regions of the country. In
addition there were reports of forced labor in the construction industry,
also involving young men mainly from the Northeast. News outlets reported
cases of forced labor in production of canauba wax
in this region. Cases of forced labor were also reported in the garment
industry in the city of Sao Paulo; the victims were often from neighboring
countries, particularly Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay, while others came from
Haiti, South Korea, and China. In April civil
police and the Public Ministry of Labor rescued 31 workers on the premises of
the Chinese multinational company Cofco Agri, the largest rescue of forced laborers in Mato Grosso State since 2009. The ministry fined the
company, which manufactures agricultural products, two million reais ($619,000) for failing to provide potable water and
subjecting laborers to unhealthy, overcrowded accommodation. Of the 31
rescued laborers, four were from Maranhao State and
the remaining 27 from Mato Grosso. Human Rights
Reports » 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61718.htm [accessed 7 February
2020] TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS
– Although comprehensive government statistics on the problem were
unavailable, authorities estimated that thousands of women and adolescents
were trafficked, both domestically and internationally, for commercial sexual
exploitation. NGOs estimated that 75 thousand women and girls, many of them
trafficked, were engaged in prostitution in neighboring South American
countries, the United States, and Western Europe. Women were trafficked from
all parts of the country. The government reported that trafficking routes existed
in all states and the Internal
trafficking of rural workers into forced labor schemes was a serious problem,
while trafficking from rural to urban areas occurred to a lesser extent.
Union leaders claimed that nearly all persons working as forced laborers had
been trafficked by labor recruiters (see section
6.c.). Labor inspectors found a small number of persons from other countries
trafficked to work in urban sweatshops. Labor recruiters generally recruited
laborers from small municipalities in the North and Northeast and transported
the recruits long distances to ranches and
plantations in remote areas in the central part of the country. Most
internally trafficked slave laborers originated from Maranhao
and Piaui states, while The Department of Labor’s 2004 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2004/brazil.htm [accessed 24 January
2011] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL Worst Forms of Child Labor CURRENT
GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS TO ELIMINATE THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR - The primary program
to assist child victims of commercial sexual exploitation is the Sentinel
Program, which establishes local reference centers to provide victims with
psychological, social, and legal services.
In addition, the government’s Global Program to Prevent Trafficking in
Persons is working to establish a database on trafficking in persons,
including the trafficking of children and adolescents, strengthen efforts to
combat the practice, and develop pilot programs to assist victims. [646] The program
is being implemented with the support of the United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime (UNODC). Pilot programs are being launched in All
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