C S E C The Commercial Sexual
Exploitation of Children In the early years of the 21st Century, 2000 to
2025 gvnet.com/childprostitution/Tanzania.htm
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CAUTION: The following links
and accompanying text have been culled from the web to illuminate the
situation in HOW TO USE THIS WEBPAGE Students If you are looking
for material to use in a term-paper, you are advised to scan the postings on
this page and others to see which aspects of child prostitution are of
particular interest to you. You might
be interested in exploring how children got started, how they survive, and
how some succeed in leaving. Perhaps
your paper could focus on runaways and the abuse that led to their
leaving. Other factors of interest
might be poverty, rejection, drug dependence, coercion, violence, addiction,
hunger, neglect, etc. On the other hand,
you might choose to write about the manipulative and dangerous adults who
control this activity. There is a lot
to the subject of Child Prostitution.
Scan other countries as well as this one. Draw comparisons between activity in
adjacent countries and/or regions.
Meanwhile, check out some of the Term-Paper resources
that are available on-line. Teachers Check out some of
the Resources
for Teachers attached to this website. ***
FEATURED ARTICLE *** Over 36,000 trapped
young girls saved Sunday Observer, 06
July 2008 www.ecpat.net/EI/resource_newsclippings.asp?id=136 [accessed 28 July
2011] ``The organised system that recruits girls into prostitution
can involve ringleaders, but it is often the children themselves who recruit
their siblings, friends or children living with them in the same house, neighbourhood or in the streets to engage in
prostitution. ``In opposition to Tanzania?s cultural norms, desperate parents have had
their priorities impacted by their circumstances, and thus welcome this sort
of trafficking, knowing they then have a guaranteed wage earner -they give up
some of their daughters,`` it reveals. ***
ARCHIVES *** ECPAT Country
Monitoring Report [PDF] Rebecca Rittenhouse,
ECPAT International, 2013 www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/a4a_v2_af_tanzania_4.pdf [accessed 8
September 2020] Desk review of
existing information on the sexual exploitation of children (SEC) in
Tanzania. The report looks at protection mechanisms, responses, preventive
measures, child and youth participation in fighting SEC, and makes
recommendations for action against SEC. Human
Rights Reports » 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor, March 10, 2020 www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/ [accessed 8
September 2020] SEXUAL
EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN - The law criminalizes child sex trafficking and child
pornography. Those convicted of facilitating child pornography are subject to
a fine ranging from TZS one million ($440) to TZS 500 million ($220,000), a
prison term of one to 20 years, or both. Those convicted of child sex
trafficking are subject to a fine ranging from TZS five million ($2,200) and
TZS 150 million ($66,000), a prison term of 10 to 20 years, or both. There
were no prosecutions based on this law during the year. The law provides
that sexual intercourse with a child younger than 18 is rape unless within a
legal marriage. The law was not always enforced because of cases not being
reported or because girls facing pressure dropped charges. For example there
were accounts of rapes of girls that went unreported in Zanzibar. 2018 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor Office of Child Labor,
Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking, Bureau of International Labor Affairs,
US Dept of Labor, 2019 www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2018/ChildLaborReportBook.pdf [accessed 8
September 2020] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL
Worst Forms of Child Labor [page 1099] Tanzania is a
source, transit, and destination country for child trafficking for forced
labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Child trafficking is often facilitated
by victims’ family members, friends, or intermediaries who promise assistance
or employment. (4,13,26,30) Girls are often subject to child trafficking,
including for domestic work or commercial sexual exploitation; this
frequently occurs along the Kenyan border and in tourist, mining, and
construction areas, including “megaproject” sites. (4,26,28,31) Concluding
Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child, 8 June 2001 www1.umn.edu/humanrts/crc/tanzania2001.html [accessed 28
December 2010] [62] The Committee
remains concerned about the large and increasing number of child victims of
commercial sexual exploitation and sex tourism, including prostitution and
pornography. Concern is also expressed at the insufficient programs for the
physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of child victims
of such abuse and exploitation. Revealed: The dark
side of Reinier Carabain,
Sunday Observer, mwanzanewsblog.blogspot.com/2008/09/revealed-dark-side-of-mwanza-street.html [partially accessed
28 July 2011] SEX FOR FOODS - Living
independently at a very tender age makes children more vulnerable to or
places them at higher risk from both physical and sexual abuse. Cases of
girls being raped and boys being sodomized by force are not hard to
find. In Mwanza, the street boys had
consensual sex with and raped street girls, in addition to practicing ``kunyenga? (slang for nonconsensual, anal-penetrative sex)
among themselves as an initiation rite, which allows one to become a member
of a group and gives ones access to group secrets`. But sex-for-food practices (survival sex)
did not appear to be regular occurrence among the self-provisioning practices
of street boys in Mwanza. Sex plays a
much larger and more central role in the lives of street girls than of boys,
especially after puberty. Around the Soko Kuu market and the bus
station of Mwanza, prostitutes offer their services for less than 10,000
Tanzanian Shilling. The majority of
the street children abhorred to observe people having sexual intercourses and
shivered from the stories they heard from other street children, who had been
raped by older, stronger and bigger street boys. These older street boys operate in groups
and choose mainly smaller street boys as their targets. Especially small
street children, sleeping without any strong associates or protection from
local watchmen, have been simple targets of forced rapes. In fact, despite the warnings from other
street children, all the participants in both focus groups have been
rape-victims of older, stronger and bigger street boys as well. They had their first sexual experience,
either forced or voluntarily, between the age of nine and twelve years
old. Extraordinarily, certain street
children were encouraged by their first (forced) sexual experiences; they
explored more about sexual proceedings and practiced sex with other street
children. Even a few street children
became more or less sex-addicted, others carried out survival sex?; to
acquire food in exchange for sexual services. – sccp Former journalism
student reflects on Tanzania’s challenges Victor Lugala, Daily News, January 20, 2007 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 28 July
2011] Not far from the
dance halls, there was a negative street phenomenon that has overtaken Mwanza
and authorities seem not to care, although they notice. As early as 10 pm you
can see a group of girls standing under lamp posts. Some of these girls are
probably as young as ten years old, dressed like young adults in tight
trousers while others are skimpily dressed in cheap mitumba
(second-hand clothes). When a car
approaches they gesture to catch the attention of the motorist. These are the
child prostitutes of Mwanza. Some of these are said to be homeless children
or street children, if you like. During the day,
they are seen as street children, and at night they moonlight as commercial
sex workers serving pedophiles. In their nocturnal exploits these young flesh
hawkers are bound to be exposed to cruelty, abuse and infection with sexually
transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. Migration body to
monitor human trafficking impact [access information
unavailable] She said, although
there is no statistics on the magnitude of the problem, many boys and girls
are trafficked from rural areas and are abused and exploited in domestic
works, mining and subjected to child prostitution. "Many girls
are taken from Iringa and brought to major cities to work as housegirls but they end up being subjected to
prostitution and other works which they did not expect. CRC
- Second Periodic Reports Of States Parties Due In 2004
[DOC] UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child, Consideration Of Reports Submitted By States Parties, 20
October 2004 www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/6170d4756cd4deb3c12570bc004fc2ff/$FILE/G0543723.DOC [accessed 28 July
2011] [287] The
Government of Tanzania adopted the Yokohama Global Commitment 2001 for
protecting children from sexual exploitation. In implementing the
commitment, a time bound program targeting the worst forms of child labor, including
child prostitution, has been launched. At one level, the program will
support the creation of an enabling policy environment to bring about the
elimination of the worst forms of child labor. The enabling environment
strategy includes supporting the development and implementation of
complimentary education, poverty reduction, adult employment creation, and
health policies to name a few. At the second level, a series of
targeted interventions will be made and aimed at highly vulnerable groups of children
at district level. At least 5,000 children from 11 districts in Five Years After ECPAT: Fifth Report
on implementation of the Agenda for Action ECPAT International,
November 2001 www.no-trafficking.org/content/web/05reading_rooms/five_years_after_stockholm.pdf [accessed 13
September 2011] [B]
COUNTRY UPDATES – E. Kamala, E. Lusinde, J. Millinga, J. Mwaitula, International Labour Organization ILO, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), Geneva, November 2001 www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/download.do?type=document&id=2445 [accessed 14
Aug 2013] EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY - EXTENT AND MAGNITUDE - The phenomenon of children engaged in
prostitution is growing quickly and steadily, and developing largely
unnoticed. Moreover, child prostitution is evident throughout the country,
and highly pronounced in major towns and at main truck stops along the
highways where state, administrative, military and commercial activities are
highly centralized. The mere existence of the market continues to promote the
sexual exploitation of children. The main customers of the children were
common men, medium and big businessmen, bureaucrats from public and private
institutions, policemen, tourists and foreigners. Prostitution involves quite
a number of children who are 10-17 years old, do not have families, have
criminal records, have a history of drug abuse and very few social skills,
and lack parental guidance, love, affection and care. ECPAT: CSEC Overview - www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/Country/CSECOverview/Tanzania.html [Last access date
unavailable] CSEC is
increasingly organized; with child prostitution networks mushrooming and
victims themselves fostering communication channels and mutual assistance to
better avoid detention, legal attention or abusive centers. There are major
gaps between existing legal provisions and enforcement practices. In fact,
law enforcement personnel and other segments of Tanzanian society are
actively involved in perpetuating CSEC either through sexual extortion,
battery, rape and/or abuse of legal position. Helping Children
Reclaim Their Lives [PDF] 14 February 2006 www.tanzaniagateway.org/docs/reducing_childlabor_tanzania_through_Education.pdf [accessed 28
December 2010] DETRIMENTAL WORKING
CONDITIONS
- Young girls are often lured away from their rural families with schemes
that promise lucrative employment in towns and cities, only to be exploited
as underpaid domestic servants that work as many as 16 or 18 hours per day.
Domestic servitude in urban areas also makes for an easy transition to child
prostitution, which is a growing industry in UN Integrated
Regional Information Networks IRIN, DAR ES SALAAM, 4 Jun 2002 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 28 July
2011] A recent rapid
assessment by the International Labor Organization (ILO), an associate
organization of the United Nations, has found that child labor is
"common" in Focus
On Children www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/bulletin/Sept2002.htm [accessed 28 July
2011] COMMERCIAL
SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN (CSEC) - Through the ILO, USDOL also funds a Timebound Program in Wanyenda: A New Life for a
Child Victim of Prostitution Rose www.dol.gov/ilab/grants/sga0106/Tanzania-FeatureStory-Wanyenda.htm [accessed 28
December 2010] Only 13 at that
time, she decided to drop out of school and leave home, like many of her
friends before her, to escape difficult living conditions. It happened one
day when she was going to school and met a boy from a nearby village who
persuaded her to escort him to the town where he lived. The boy would bring
home two or three of his friends and force her to sleep with all of them for
cash payment. She was tortured, sexually abused and sometimes beaten by the
boy if she refused to provide the services. Whenever the boy was away, she
received customers on her own in order to earn some money for food. Life became
unbearable. After 18 months she decided to leave. Not knowing where to go,
she began wandering the streets. There she met other girls her age who took
her to a brothel. ***
EARLIER EDITIONS OF SOME OF THE ABOVE *** The Department of Labor’s 2004 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2004/tanzania.htm [accessed 28
December 2010] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL
Worst Forms of Child Labor INCIDENCE
AND NATURE OF CHILD LABOR - Girls as young as 7 years, and increasingly boys, are
reportedly victims of commercial sexual exploitation. Children from Human Rights
Reports » 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61596.htm [accessed 11
February 2020] CHILDREN
- The
law criminalizes child prostitution, and sexual exploitation and trafficking
in persons, including children, were problems. There were cases in which
children engaged in prostitution for economic survival with the involvement
and knowledge of family members. TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS
- During the year the government took steps to protect trafficking victims,
within the limits of its resources. Local police and officials from the
Social Welfare Department identified and informally referred child
trafficking victims to NGOs that worked with street children and child
prostitutes, provided small donations of food and other goods to these NGOs,
and identified land available for building new shelters. The government
cooperated with the International Organization for Migration's plans for a rehabilitation
center between Local government
officials participated in district committees that identified children
vulnerable to or involved in the worst forms of child labor, including
prostitution and forced domestic labor. From January 2002 through June, more
than 26 thousand children were prevented or withdrawn from the worst forms of
child labor in mining, domestic labor, commercial agriculture, and commercial
sex. These children were
referred for protection services offered by the International Labor
Organization (ILO), including rehabilitation, education, and alternative
training. During the year 60 out of 90 labor officers nationwide received
intensive 3-month training on the new labor laws and application of child
labor provisions, as well as on recognizing the worst forms of child labor
such as prostitution and forced labor. The Ministry of Home Affairs
coordinated an inter-ministerial committee on trafficking, but it met only
once during the year. All
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