Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery Poverty drives the unsuspecting poor into the
hands of traffickers Published reports & articles from 2000 to 2025 gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Guatemala.htm
Guatemala is a
source, transit, and destination country for Guatemalans and Central
Americans trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and
forced labor. Human trafficking is a significant and growing problem in the
country, particularly the exploitation of children in prostitution. - U.S.
State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report, June, 2009 Check
out a later country report here or a full TIP Report here |
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CAUTION: The following links
have been culled from the web to illuminate the situation in Guatemala. Some of these links may lead to websites that
present allegations that are unsubstantiated or even false. No attempt
has been made to validate their authenticity or to verify their content. HOW TO USE THIS WEB-PAGE Students If you are looking for
material to use in a term-paper, you are advised to scan the postings on this
page and others to see which aspects of Human Trafficking are of particular
interest to you. Would you like to
write about Forced-Labor? Debt
Bondage? Prostitution? Forced Begging? Child Soldiers? Sale of Organs? etc. On the other
hand, you might choose to include precursors of trafficking such as poverty and hunger. There is a lot to
the subject of Trafficking. Scan other
countries as well. Draw comparisons
between activity in adjacent countries and/or regions. Meanwhile, check out some of the Term-Paper resources
that are available on-line. Teachers Check out some of
the Resources
for Teachers attached to this website. HELP for Victims National Civil Police ***
FEATURED ARTICLE *** Legal Program
Advisor for Casa Alianza, Guatemela,
Murdered Intercountry
Adoption ICA, 6 September 2005 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 5
September 2011] [scroll down to 6 September 2005] The wave of violence
and impunity that plagues Guatemala has taken yet another victim. Last
Friday, September 2, at approximately 9:30 in the morning, an unidentified
man shot and killed the fifty six-year old lawyer Harold Rafael Perez
Gallardo, who had been serving as the Adviser to the Legal Program of Casa Alianza Guatemala for the past six years. Perez Gallardo was advising Casa Alianza on several pending cases regarding irregular
adoptions, murders, sexual exploitations and trafficking, and other instances
of human rights violations against children. ***
ARCHIVES *** Human trafficking a problem both in Central America and Central
U.S. Jeff Bahr, The Grand
Island Independent, 10 Sept 2019 [accessed 10
September 2019] In Guatemala, 73
percent of the victims are women, “but men are also victims, mostly of labor
exploitation and forced labor,” Vicente said. Children and teens are the most
vulnerable populations — vulnerable to both sexual and labor exploitation.
But recently, officials have been seeing other kinds of trafficking, such as
the recruitment of minors to perform criminal activities. Human Trafficking
and the Children of Central America Dr. Jarrod Sadulski, faculty member, Criminal Justice, American
Military University -- In Public Safety, 21 August 2019 inpublicsafety.com/2019/08/human-trafficking-and-the-children-of-central-america/ [accessed 21 August
2019] WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMAN SMUGGLING AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING? There is a definite
difference between human smuggling and human trafficking. Human smuggling is
transportation based where a smuggler is paid thousands of dollars to guide
children – who may or may not be accompanied by family members from Central
America to the United States via the Mexico-United States border. However,
many families with migrant children do not have thousands of dollars to spend
on the trip, which often creates a gateway to human trafficking. Human trafficking
involves the exploitation of migrant families and their children who are
unable to pay the costs of being smuggled to the United States. They may be
susceptible to the three cornerstones of human trafficking, which are the sex
trade, forced labor, or domestic servitude to pay off their debt for being
smuggled to the United States. 2020 Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices: Guatemala U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor, 30 March 2021 www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/guatemala/
[accessed 8 June 2021] PROHIBITION OF
FORCED OR COMPULSORY LABOR The law prohibits
all forms of forced or compulsory labor. The government failed to enforce the
law effectively. Reports persisted of men and women subjected to forced labor
in agriculture and domestic service. PROHIBITION OF CHILD
LABOR AND MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT The NGO Conrad
Project Association of the Cross estimated the workforce included
approximately one million children ages five to 17. Most child labor occurred
in rural indigenous areas of extreme poverty. The informal and agricultural
sectors regularly employed children younger than 14, usually in small family
enterprises, including in the production of broccoli, coffee, corn,
fireworks, gravel, and sugar. Indigenous children also worked in street sales
and as shoe shiners and bricklayer assistants. An estimated 39,000 children,
primarily indigenous girls, worked as domestic servants and were often
vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse and sex trafficking. Traffickers
exploited children in forced begging, street vending, and as street
performers, particularly in Guatemala City and along the border with Mexico.
Traffickers particularly targeted indigenous individuals, including children,
for forced labor, including in tortilla-making shops. Criminal organizations,
including gangs, exploited girls in sex trafficking and coerced young males
in urban areas to sell or transport drugs or commit extortion. Freedom House
Country Report 2020 Edition freedomhouse.org/country/guatemala/freedom-world/2020 [accessed 29 April
2020] G4. DO INDIVIDUALS
ENJOY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND FREEDOM FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION? The indigenous
community’s access to economic opportunities and socioeconomic mobility
remain limited, with more than 70 percent of the indigenous population living
in poverty. Guatemala has one of the highest rates of child labor in the
Americas, with over 800,000 children working in the country. Criminal gangs
often force children and young men to join their organizations or perform
work for them. 2017 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor Office of Child
Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking, Bureau of International Labor
Affairs, US Dept of Labor, 2018 www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ilab/ChildLaborReport_Book.pdf [accessed 17 April
2019] www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2017/ChildLaborReportBook.pdf [accessed 28 April
2020] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL
Worst Forms of Child Labor [page 464] Children as young
as 5 years old work in coffee fields picking coffee beans and mixing and
applying pesticides. (39; 40) In agriculture, working conditions for children
involve using machetes and other dangerous tools. (22) Children, both Guatemalanborn and from other countries, are also engaged
in commercial sexual exploitation, including in sex tourism. (41; 34)
Traffickers are increasingly using social media to recruit children. (34). How Clearwater
helped destroy an international sex slave ring Jonathan Abel, St.
Petersburg Times, March 15, 2009 www.tampabay.com/news/publicsafety/crime/article984066.ece [accessed 8 February
2011] swoplv.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/how-clearwater-helped-destroy-an-international-sex-slave-ring/ [accessed 5 February
2019] She came from Guatemala, a woman in her early 20s smuggled into the
United States for what she thought was a housekeeping job. The journey from her small town to the
Texas border took 26 days. From there she was whisked to a safe house near
Houston, then brought to Tampa and moved once more to a house in
Jacksonville. There, an enforcer for
the human trafficking operation told the woman her debt had jumped from
$5,000 to $30,000. The enforcer
demonstrated how to use a condom by rolling it over a beer bottle. He said
she'd have to pay back the debt as a prostitute, according to
authorities. She turned 25 tricks the
next day and nearly every day for eight or nine months. This tortured existence — the daily life
of a human trafficking victim — ended May 22, 2007, when authorities
intervened. US couple almost
adopted stolen Guatemalan baby Juan Carlos Llorca, Associated Press AP, July 31, 2008 www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20080731/guatemala-stolen-babies/ [accessed 8 February
2011] www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jul31/0,4670,GuatemalaStolenBabies,00.html [accessed 29 January
2018] For 14 months, Ana
Escobar studied the tiny fingers of every passing baby, searching for a girl
with pinkies that curved gracefully outward, just like those of her missing
daughter. Then one day she saw her, in
the arms of a foster mother helping process her adoption by an Indiana
couple: A straight-haired toddler who appeared to be a stranger, except for
her unmistakable fingers. "I was
in shock. I could not move. I could not do anything," Escobar told The
Associated Press in an exclusive interview.
DNA tests eventually proved what Escobar already knew: The girl was
her daughter, taken at gunpoint in March 2007, when she was just 6 months
old. Authorities issued
arrest warrants for a doctor, two lawyers and two others in Esther's case.
Authorities suspect they could find more than a dozen other stolen babies in
their review of 2,286 pending U.S. adoptions.
Even some completed adoptions are being questioned: At least two are
under investigation to determine if the children -- now growing up as
American citizens -- were stolen, said Jaime Tecu,
a former prosecutor who is leading the Guatemalan National Adoption Council's
review. Guatemala adoption
agency lawyers on trial in 'human trafficking' case Lisl Brunner, Jurist
Legal News and Research Services, March 25, 2008 jurist.org/paperchase/2008/03/guatemala-adoption-agency-lawyers-on.php [accessed 31 August
2014] Prosecutors
discovered that at least five of the children's mothers had provided false
identities when offering their children for adoption, raising doubts as to
whether the children may have been kidnapped. Child Trafficking
Soar in Guatemala Prensa Latina News Agency,
Jul 23, 2007 genderberg.com/boards/viewtopic.php?t=2522 [accessed 8 February
2011] Maria Eugenia Villareal, member of the NGO, said girls aged eight to
fourteen are sold as sex slaves or used in risky sectors like garbage
collection and classification, peddling and construction. Most victims -from
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador- are misled with promises to
travel to the US yet they are taken to different Mexican cities, including
the capital. Attorney Alex Colop calls serious problem the absence of laws with
severe sanctions for such practices since the perpetrators walk free on bail
or pay a fine. In addition, the
children do not press charges fearing threats from the exploiters or to loose
their income source. Rotary hears
account of human trafficking horrors Andrea M. Galabinski, Marco Island Sun Times, 02/15/2007 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 5
September 2011] "When we were
in Guatemala, a woman tried to sell her baby to my wife for $1," said
Rotarian Marly Rydson.
"We were in port on a cruise there, and when my wife got back to the
ship she was very shaken."
"That's because they are so desperate," said the
founder/president of Miracle in Action, Penny Rambacher. Mission woman found
guilty of human trafficking Associated Press AP,
Edinburg, May 6, 2006 www.myplainview.com/article_d4ac5fa2-3e15-586b-803e-0e0f12c8fcd3.html [accessed 15 July
2013] Prosecutors say Ellilian Ramos paid a smuggler $250 to bring the two
women across the Rio Grande in November 2004. The women, cousins Maria de
Jesus Batres and Floridalma
Sales Flores, were forced to work at Ramos' home without pay, authorities
said. Batres and Sales say the
couple promised to pay them $125 a week after smuggling costs were worked
off. Instead, Ellilian Ramos didn't pay them and
threatened to call immigration authorities if they tried to leave. The women said they
also worked for the Ramos' family members and at Papacito's
Day Care, which is owned by Ellilian Ramos' sister.
Both women escaped through a window on Jan. 11, 2005, with help from two
women they met at the business. Guatemalan Attorney
Uses Tricks and Deceit to Take Children from Mothers Intercountry
Adoption ICA, 14 November 2005 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 5
September 2011] In spite of the
fact that Casa Alianza has filed numerous
complaints over the past years regarding illicit international adoptions, and
despite its efforts to put national and international pressure on the
Guatemalan government to institute laws that properly regulate
adoptions, the illicit adoption trade continues to thrive. Unscrupulous
attorneys are the central players in this trade, and they have converted what
should be a noble institution, into a dirty business. The
"legitimate" child-trafficking rings who sell Guatemala's young and
quiet dissenting voices Elizabeth Mistry,
Sunday Herald (Scotland), 01-25-2004 -- Source: www.sundayherald.com/39550 www.laborlawtalk.com/archive/index.php/t-9379.html [accessed 8 February
2011] Around 3000 Guatemalan
children are adopted by families from overseas every year. Almost all go the
US and Canada. In 2002, the last year for which there are figures available,
15 came to the UK. With no firm legislation governing adoption, prospective
parents have to find their way through a murky system of agents and lawyers,
who charge an average of between £11,000 and £22,000 per child.
Conservative estimates value the Guatemalan baby business at around £32
million per year. The courts use
poverty as a reason not to return children to their biological parents but
just because a mother or father is poor it doesn’t mean they love their
children any the less, Harris told the Sunday Herald between court
appearances. Protect Guatemalan
Human Rights Defenders from Attacks and Threats Human Rights
Defenders, Sept 29, 2004 www.humanrightsfirst.org/defenders/hrd_guatemala/alert_092904_hrd.htm At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
In recent weeks,
the offices of two Guatemalan nongovernmental organizations were broken into,
and files containing sensitive case information were stolen. Oftentimes,
Guatemalan human rights organizations that document violations and implicate
those responsible for such violations fall victim themselves to acts of
intimidation and violence such as burglaries, robberies, kidnappings, death
threats, and even murder. The Children of
Guatemala BBC World Service,
28 October, 2000 www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/001027_adoption.shtml [accessed 8 February
2011] ‘My name is Elivia and I am 32 years old. It was a very painful time
for me. I wasn’t looking to give up my baby. I just wanted work and a Guatemalan
couple offered me a job in their house. I was kidnapped. They kept me locked
up in the house until I was ready to give birth. I was given drugs to make
the birth quicker and then the baby was pulled out of my stomach. I didn’t
see it, I didn’t know whether it was a boy or a girl. Then the couple told me
I was too poor to be a mother and they were going to put my baby up for
adoption.’ Country News -
Guatemala Family Helper -
ADOPTION NEWS CENTRAL www.familyhelper.net/news/guatemala.html [accessed 15 July
2013] Adoptions from
Guatemala have been suspended for Canadians since September 2001 and will
remain so until the Guatemalan government implements effective adoption
safeguards. The Canadian Embassy advised that illegal and unethical practices
still exist and issues of child trafficking continue to arise. Adoptions from
Guatemala remain open for other countries, such as France, U.K. and U.S. In
March 2007 the U.S. State Department said it no longer recommends that
Americans adopt children from Guatemala, and adoptions with Guatemala will
not be permitted unless better legislation is passed. A new law is expected
by the end of 2007. A State Department notice
dated June 13, 2007, said that it continues to caution American prospective
parents that the U.S. government cannot recommend adoption from Guatemala.
Several adoption service providers are under investigation in the U.S.
Criminal charges have been brought against adoption facilitator Mary Bonn and
the adoption agencies Reaching Arms International and Waiting Angels. The
State Department applauds the Congress of Guatemala passing legislation on
May 22, 2007 approving the Hague Convention. The bill clarifies the legal
status of the Convention within Guatemala, which had been questioned
previously in Guatemalan courts. When the Convention enters into force for
the United States in early 2008, the U.S. government will not be able to
approve adoptions from Guatemala if Guatemala's adoption process does not
provide the protections for children and families required by the Convention.
Some of the steps Guatemala must take to meet its obligations under the
Convention are in the PDF chart "U.S. Law, the Hague Adoption
Convention, and Guatemala", dated May 16, 2007. Adoptions under
fire in Guatemala Letta Tayler,
Newsday, Guatemala City, October 26, 2003 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 5
September 2011] But the day after
Mendoza delivered Luís Enrique in May, she said, the couple locked
her inside a Guatemala City clinic, wrenched her newborn son from her arms,
and forced her to sign papers giving him up for adoption. Child Trafficking
in Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua [PDF] Terre des Hommes /
CUDECA, 2000 At one time this article
had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 5
September 2011] CHILD TRAFFICKING
AND MISSING CHILDREN OR YOUNG PERSONS IN THE PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS - Trafficking in
children and the problem of missing children and young persons impresses
itself on the public consciousness only to a very limited extent in these
three Central American states. The entire theme complex is not perceived as a
problem either in public administration nor in Government institutions or
among the populace. On the contrary it is either suppressed or ignored. And
this in spite of the fact that the existence of child trafficking is
basically very well known. Prepared Statement
of Attorney General John Ashcroft at T Visa/Human Trafficking Press
Conference January 24, 2002 Attorney General
John Ashcroft at T Visa/Human Trafficking Press Conference, January 24, 2002 www.justice.gov/archive/ag/speeches/2002/012402newsconferenceregardinghumantrafficking.htm [accessed 25 January
2016] Three years ago, 19-year-old
Maria Choz began a terrifying ordeal. Jose Tecum kidnaped Maria from her parents' home in Guatemala,
smuggled her to his house in Florida, and imprisoned her in a spare bedroom.
By night, Maria was forced into sexual servitude. By day, she was forced to
labor with a tomato picking crew, bringing her wages to Tecum
at the end of her grueling shifts. Maria was robbed of her dignity and
imprisoned by a man who put his greed and obsession ahead of her most basic
human right to freedom. NGOs: gladiators of
freedom Corradini, Louise & López, Asbel, The UNESCO
Courier, June 2001 [Vol. 54 Issue 6, p40] connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/4646521/ngos-gladiators-freedom [accessed 30 August
2012] The worst kind of
child exploitation is sexual. Maria, a 12-year-old Honduran girl, was
kidnapped in her country, sold in Guatemala
and taken from there to Mexico, where she was bought by the owner of a bar
who forced her to become a prostitute, servicing 20 men a day. Anti-Trafficking
Successes in the Southern District of Texas [PDF] U.S. Department Of
Justice, Civil Rights Division, Anti-Trafficking News Bulletin, Volume 1,
Nos. 8 & 9, August/September 2004 www.nlpoa.org/Aug.%20Sept.%20Trafficking%20Newsletter.pdf [accessed 8 February
2011] [page 4] OPERATION FALLEN
ANGEL
- In June 2000, a thirty-one year old Chinese woman fell from a second story
hotel room in Houston and broke her back. Local authorities sought assistance
from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Immigration and
Naturalization Service (INS). The federal agents soon discovered that the
woman was a victim of human trafficking. The woman fell while attempting to
escape from her captors, one of whom was sexually assaulting her. Before
arriving in Houston, the woman spent over a year in Guatemala where she was
held as a sexual slave before being moved to Houston where her captors
planned to sell her to other traffickers. Migrant Center
Reports Increase In Trafficking Of Children 4/12/00 Guatemala Human
Rights Commission/USA, Update #8/00, April 30, 2000 www.friends-partners.org/partners/stop-traffic/1999/0829.html [accessed 8 February
2011] Mario Verzeletti, Coordinator of the Center for Attention to
Migrants, reported that in the last few months, there has been an increase in
the trafficking of Guatemalan children sold in Europe and the United States.
According to reports cited by the center, "coyotes" (people who
smuggle others across the border for a fee) sell children for more than U.S.
$25,000. He added that women are trafficked in Guatemala as well. Many women
are subjected to slave-like living conditions where they are held in order to
have babies that will then be sold for adoption abroad. UN Special
Rapporteur visits Guatemala UNESCO,
Communication Division -- Source :Casa Alianza
Press release of 16/07/99 At one time this
article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [here]
[accessed 5
September 2011] Casa Alianza has been involved in the fight against the trafficking
of children in Guatemala through international adoptions for the past three
years. To date the organization has helped five mothers recuperate their
babies. In September 1997, the Attorney General's Office and Casa Alianza exposed the illegal trafficking of babies in
Guatemala and presented 15 criminal accusations against lawyers involved. Guatemala [PDF] Report On The Worst
Forms Of Child Labour Compiled By The Global March Against Child Labour beta.globalmarch.org/resourcecentre/world/guatemala.pdf [accessed 30 August
2012] CHILD TRAFFICKING - The sale of
children is of particular concern in Guatemala. The sale and/or trafficking
of children mainly occurs for the purpose of intercountry adoption, but there
are also reports of the trafficking of children into Guatemala for the
purpose of prostitution. Guatemala Coalition Against
Trafficking in Women CATW www.catwinternational.org/factbook/Guatemala.php [accessed 8 February
2011] TRAFFICKING - Eight El Salvadoran
girls were rescued in a raid on a nightclub in Guatemala City. They had been
trafficked under false pretenses and sexually exploited. Three pimps were
arrested. Concluding
Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child, 8 June 2001 www1.umn.edu/humanrts/crc/guatemala2001.html [accessed 8 February
2011] [34] The Committee notes
with deep concern that there was no follow-up to its recommendations to
introduce measures to monitor and supervise the system of adoption
effectively and to consider ratifying the Hague Convention on Protection of
Children and Cooperation in Respect of Inter-country Adoption of 1993.
Concern is expressed at the extremely high rates of inter-country adoptions,
at adoption procedures not requiring authorization by competent authorities,
at the absence of follow-up and, in particular, at reported information on
sale and trafficking in children for inter-country adoptions. It is also
noted that several drafts of adoption laws have been pending in Congress but
never adopted. [50] With regard to
its recommendation on child labor, the Committee takes note of the measures
taken by the State party such as the signing in 1996 of a memorandum of
understanding with ILO for the adoption of the International Program on the
Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC). However, it expresses its deep concern at
the large number of children who are still exploited economically, in
particular those under 14 years of age. Factbook on Global
Sexual Exploitation - Guatemala Coalition Against
Trafficking in Women CATW www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/guatemal.htm [accessed 8 February
2011] CASE - A yearlong legal
battle has been won by a Guatemalan woman whose baby was a victim of illegal
trafficking in infants. The mother, named Elivia,
was tricked into signing all of the documents necessary, under lax Guatemalan
laws, for a private adoption. In order to control her during her pregnancy,
the lawyer handling the illegal adoption held back Elivia’s
furniture and belongings and gave her 100 Quetzales
($15) a week for expenses. Elivia was even taken,
against her will, to a house in San Pedro Epocapa,
Chimaltenango. After the birth Elivia was prevented
from seeing her baby by nurses, who had been informed that Pablo had been
adopted. It was then that she realized she had been fooled and began to fight
to get her baby back. Guatemalan law permits a mother to stop the process at
any time during a private adoption, but very often the lawyers involved do
not inform the mothers, many of whom are illiterate, of this. ***
EARLIER EDITIONS OF SOME OF THE ABOVE *** Human Rights Reports
» 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices U.S. Dept of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
Labor, March 8, 2006 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61729.htm [accessed 9 February
2020] TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS
– Trafficking was particularly a problem in the capital and in towns along
the borders with Mexico and El Salvador. Child migrants who did not cross the
border into Mexico often remained in the country and resorted to or were
forced into prostitution. Many women and children also were brought into the
country from El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Honduras by organized rings that
forced them into prostitution. The primary target population for sexual exploitation
was minor boys and girls or young women from poor families. Traffickers often
approached individuals with promises of economic rewards, jobs in cafeterias
or beauty parlors, or employment in other countries. The means of promotion
included flyers, newspaper advertisements, and verbal or personal
recommendations. The Department of Labor’s 2004 Findings on
the Worst Forms of Child Labor U.S. Dept of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 2005 www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2004/guatemala.htm [accessed 8 February
2011] Note:: Also check out this country’s report in the more recent edition DOL
Worst Forms of Child Labor INCIDENCE
AND NATURE OF CHILD LABOR - Guatemala is considered a source, transit, and
destination country for trafficked children. There is also evidence of
internal trafficking. Children from
poor families in Guatemala tend to be drawn into trafficking for purposes of
prostitution through advertisements for lucrative foreign jobs or through
personal recruitment. All
material used herein reproduced under the fair use exception of 17 USC § 107
for noncommercial, nonprofit, and educational use. PLEASE RESPECT COPYRIGHTS OF COMPONENT
ARTICLES. Cite this webpage as: Patt,
Prof. Martin, "Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery -
Guatemala", http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Guatemala.htm, [accessed
<date>] |
